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Pharmacology Exam 2
Intro to CNS
54
Pharmacology
Professional
02/06/2012

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Term
What are the 4 types of ion channels?
Definition
-voltage gated
-ligand gated (ionotropic)
-G-protein activated (metabotropic)
-Second Messenger Activated (metabotropic)
Term
GABA is what kind of neurotransmitter?
Definition
Inhibitory
Term
What happens when Chloride channels open?
Definition
The potential is driven in such a way that it INHIBITS firing of the signal
Term
What type of receptor is the GABA receptor?
Definition
Ligand-gated ion channel (Ionotropic)
Term
Name 4 drugs that act on the GABA receptor:
Definition
Benzodiazepines, Flumazenil, Zolpidem, Barbiturates
Term
What toxin antagonizes Sodium channels?
Definition
Tetrodotoxin, from puffer fish
Blocks the channels from firing
Term
What toxin antagonizes Nicotinic Ach receptors?
Definition
Alpha Bungarotoxin- blocks the postsynaptic receptor at the NMJ
Term
What toxin antagonizes the GABA receptor?
Definition
Picrotoxin- A non-competitive antagonist with STIMULANT effects- CONVULSIONS
Term
What toxin antagonizes the Glycine receptor?
Definition
Strychnine- glycine receptor is inhibitory; nerve impulses trigger at lower levels- SPINAL CORD- constant contractions
Term
What type of channels does glutamate work on and what is its effect?
Definition
MGluR, AMPAR, NMDAR- Na+ and Ca++
Excitatory
Term
Ketamine has what effect on glutamate?
Definition
Antagonist
Term
What nucleus makes Norepinephrine?
Definition
Locus Coeruleus and a bunch of nuclei called "A something..."
Term
What are the projection sites for Norepinephrine?
Definition
HOT SCAM- Hypothalamus, Olfactory bulb, Thalamus, Subiculum, Cortex, Amygdala, Midbrain Central Gray
Term
Describe the progression of how epinephrine is made:
Definition
Tyrosine-> Dopa-> Dopamine-> Norepinephrine-> Epinephrine
Term
What enzyme converts tyrosine to dopa?
Definition
Tyrosine hydroxylase
Term
What enzyme converts dopamine to norepinephrine?
Definition
Dopamine beta hydroxylase
Term
What chemical in the pathway from Tyrosine to Epinephrine is given for Parkinsons disease?
Definition
L Dopa
Term
What is the action of Cocaine?
Definition
Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (transport blocker)
Term
Name 3 Selective Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors SNRIs:
Definition
Desipramine
Maprotyline
Protryptiline
Term
How do Rauwolfia alkaloids like reserpine release norepinephrine?
Definition
By disrupting synaptic vesicle transporters
Term
What is the action of Guanethedine?
Definition
Inhibits release of norepinephrine from nerve endings- taken up into sympathetic nerves by norepinephrine transporters-
USED TO TREAT HTN- CONTRAINDICATED WITH SNRIs
Term
What are the 3 dopamine pathways?
Definition
Nigrostriatal
Mesolimbic
Tuberoinfundibular
Term
What nuclei produce dopamine?
Definition
-Ventral Tegmental Area
-Substrantia Nigra
-Tuberoinfundibular
ALSO
Lateral Tegmental
Dorsal Raphe
Olfactory Bulb
Term
Where does the tuberoinfundibular projection site for dopamine lead to?
Definition
1)Neurohypophysis; 2)median eminence (anterior pituitary)
Term
Where does the substantia nigra projection site for dopamine lead to?
Definition
Caudate/putamen (Nigrostriatal system)
Term
Where do the VTA and Substantia Nigra projection sites for dopamine lead to?
Definition
Nucleus accumbens (mesolimbic pathway)
Term
How do dopamine and L-dopa differ in their ability to enter the brain?
Definition
Dopamine doesn't enter the brain well, but L-dopa does
Term
How does carbidopa work in Parkinson's?
Definition
Inhibits dopa decarboxylase so the L-dopa isn't metabolized to dopamine in the periphery and enters the CNS (then being converted to dopamine)
Term
What receptor do most anti-psychotics work on?
Definition
DA2 receptor antagonism
Term
Name 3 anti-psychotics that work on the DA2 receptor?
Definition
Spiroperidol, pimozide, haloperidol
(phenothiazines)
Term
What do stimulants like amphetamine and methamphetamine release?
Definition
Dopamine
Term
What is spiroperidol?
Definition
Antipsychotic that antagonizes the DA2 receptor
Term
What is pimozide?
Definition
Antipsychotic that antagonizes the DA2 receptor
Term
What is haloperidol?
Definition
Antipsychotic that antagonizes the DA2 receptor
Term
The serotinergic system consists of ascending axons from cell bodies in what nuclei?
Definition
Raphe nuclei
Term
What nuclei produce serotonin?
Definition
RAPHE MAGNUS in hypothalamus
Also: dorsal raphe, pontine raphe, central superior, parabrachialis
Term
What are the projection sites for serotonin?
Definition
Hypothalamus, Cortex, Subiculum
Also: Olfactory bulb, thalamus, basal ganglia
Term
Name 6 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors:
Definition
Fluoxetine, escitalopram, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, trazodone, imipramine
Term
What is fluoxetine?
Definition
SSRI
Term
What is escitalopram?
Definition
SSRI
Term
What is fluvoxamine?
Definition
SSRI
Term
What is paroxetine?
Definition
SSRI
Term
What is trazodone?
Definition
SSRI
Term
What is imipramine?
Definition
SSRI
Term
Bromocriptine agonizes what receptor?
Definition
D2 Dopamine
Term
Muscimol agonizes what receptor?
Definition
GABA
Term
NMDA agonizes what receptor?
Definition
NMDA
Term
LSD agonizes what receptor?
Definition
5-HT1a Serotonin receptor
Term
What transmitter inhibits prolactin?
Definition
Dopamine
Term
In what type of neuron is GABA mostly found?
Definition
Short interneurons
Term
Stimulation of GABA receptors causes what effect on cells?
Definition
Hyperpolarization: DEPRESSANT EFFECT
Term
What drugs stimulate the GABA receptor and increase influx of Cl-?
Definition
Barbiturates
Term
What drugs bind to an alternative site on the GABA receptor and have an anti-anxiety effect?
Definition
Benzodiazepines
Term
Name 2 benzodiazepines:
Definition
Valium, Librium
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