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What are the 4 types of ion channels? |
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Definition
-voltage gated -ligand gated (ionotropic) -G-protein activated (metabotropic) -Second Messenger Activated (metabotropic) |
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GABA is what kind of neurotransmitter? |
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Definition
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What happens when Chloride channels open? |
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Definition
The potential is driven in such a way that it INHIBITS firing of the signal |
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Term
What type of receptor is the GABA receptor? |
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Definition
Ligand-gated ion channel (Ionotropic) |
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Term
Name 4 drugs that act on the GABA receptor: |
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Definition
Benzodiazepines, Flumazenil, Zolpidem, Barbiturates |
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Term
What toxin antagonizes Sodium channels? |
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Definition
Tetrodotoxin, from puffer fish Blocks the channels from firing |
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Term
What toxin antagonizes Nicotinic Ach receptors? |
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Definition
Alpha Bungarotoxin- blocks the postsynaptic receptor at the NMJ |
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Term
What toxin antagonizes the GABA receptor? |
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Definition
Picrotoxin- A non-competitive antagonist with STIMULANT effects- CONVULSIONS |
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Term
What toxin antagonizes the Glycine receptor? |
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Definition
Strychnine- glycine receptor is inhibitory; nerve impulses trigger at lower levels- SPINAL CORD- constant contractions |
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Term
What type of channels does glutamate work on and what is its effect? |
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Definition
MGluR, AMPAR, NMDAR- Na+ and Ca++ Excitatory |
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Term
Ketamine has what effect on glutamate? |
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Definition
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Term
What nucleus makes Norepinephrine? |
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Definition
Locus Coeruleus and a bunch of nuclei called "A something..." |
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Term
What are the projection sites for Norepinephrine? |
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Definition
HOT SCAM- Hypothalamus, Olfactory bulb, Thalamus, Subiculum, Cortex, Amygdala, Midbrain Central Gray |
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Term
Describe the progression of how epinephrine is made: |
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Definition
Tyrosine-> Dopa-> Dopamine-> Norepinephrine-> Epinephrine |
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Term
What enzyme converts tyrosine to dopa? |
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Definition
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Term
What enzyme converts dopamine to norepinephrine? |
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Definition
Dopamine beta hydroxylase |
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Term
What chemical in the pathway from Tyrosine to Epinephrine is given for Parkinsons disease? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the action of Cocaine? |
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Definition
Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (transport blocker) |
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Term
Name 3 Selective Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors SNRIs: |
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Definition
Desipramine Maprotyline Protryptiline |
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Term
How do Rauwolfia alkaloids like reserpine release norepinephrine? |
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Definition
By disrupting synaptic vesicle transporters |
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Term
What is the action of Guanethedine? |
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Definition
Inhibits release of norepinephrine from nerve endings- taken up into sympathetic nerves by norepinephrine transporters- USED TO TREAT HTN- CONTRAINDICATED WITH SNRIs |
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Term
What are the 3 dopamine pathways? |
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Definition
Nigrostriatal Mesolimbic Tuberoinfundibular |
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Term
What nuclei produce dopamine? |
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Definition
-Ventral Tegmental Area -Substrantia Nigra -Tuberoinfundibular ALSO Lateral Tegmental Dorsal Raphe Olfactory Bulb |
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Term
Where does the tuberoinfundibular projection site for dopamine lead to? |
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Definition
1)Neurohypophysis; 2)median eminence (anterior pituitary) |
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Term
Where does the substantia nigra projection site for dopamine lead to? |
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Definition
Caudate/putamen (Nigrostriatal system) |
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Term
Where do the VTA and Substantia Nigra projection sites for dopamine lead to? |
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Definition
Nucleus accumbens (mesolimbic pathway) |
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Term
How do dopamine and L-dopa differ in their ability to enter the brain? |
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Definition
Dopamine doesn't enter the brain well, but L-dopa does |
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Term
How does carbidopa work in Parkinson's? |
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Definition
Inhibits dopa decarboxylase so the L-dopa isn't metabolized to dopamine in the periphery and enters the CNS (then being converted to dopamine) |
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Term
What receptor do most anti-psychotics work on? |
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Definition
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Term
Name 3 anti-psychotics that work on the DA2 receptor? |
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Definition
Spiroperidol, pimozide, haloperidol (phenothiazines) |
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Term
What do stimulants like amphetamine and methamphetamine release? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Antipsychotic that antagonizes the DA2 receptor |
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Term
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Definition
Antipsychotic that antagonizes the DA2 receptor |
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Term
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Definition
Antipsychotic that antagonizes the DA2 receptor |
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Term
The serotinergic system consists of ascending axons from cell bodies in what nuclei? |
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Definition
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Term
What nuclei produce serotonin? |
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Definition
RAPHE MAGNUS in hypothalamus Also: dorsal raphe, pontine raphe, central superior, parabrachialis |
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Term
What are the projection sites for serotonin? |
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Definition
Hypothalamus, Cortex, Subiculum Also: Olfactory bulb, thalamus, basal ganglia |
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Term
Name 6 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: |
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Definition
Fluoxetine, escitalopram, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, trazodone, imipramine |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Bromocriptine agonizes what receptor? |
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Definition
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Term
Muscimol agonizes what receptor? |
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Definition
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Term
NMDA agonizes what receptor? |
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Definition
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Term
LSD agonizes what receptor? |
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Definition
5-HT1a Serotonin receptor |
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Term
What transmitter inhibits prolactin? |
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Definition
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Term
In what type of neuron is GABA mostly found? |
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Definition
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Term
Stimulation of GABA receptors causes what effect on cells? |
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Definition
Hyperpolarization: DEPRESSANT EFFECT |
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Term
What drugs stimulate the GABA receptor and increase influx of Cl-? |
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Definition
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Term
What drugs bind to an alternative site on the GABA receptor and have an anti-anxiety effect? |
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Definition
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