Term
|
Definition
gram+, gram-, aerobic, anaerobic
good against serious sepsis caused by pseudomonas
i.v.
always with cilistatin (inhibits dehydropeptidases in renal)
penicillin allergies also allergic to carbapenems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
beta lactam resistant
gram negative aerobic
good vs. enterobacteria and resistant bacteria like pseudomonas (pneumonia, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, sepsis)
penicillin alleric patients are ok |
|
|
Term
| beta lactamase inhibitors |
|
Definition
clavulanic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam
hospital acquired pneumonias
anaerobic
pseudomonas
augmentin (clav + amox)
timentin (clav + ticarcillin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
only gram+
includes CNS coverage (meningitis)
nephrotoxic and orotoxic at high doses
not absorbed orally, for cdif pseudomembrane colitis administer vanco orally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gram+
nephrotoxic if absorbed systemically (mostly topical use) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
broad spectrum including coliforms and mycobacteria
mainly used in drug resistant tb as 2nd line drug
alanine racemase / d-alanyl-d-alanine ligase
CNS coverage, absorbed orally, acid labile
rare resistance (enzyme modification) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
30s aminoacyl-tRNA
CNS and placenta (NEVER GIVE TO PREGNANT/NURSING or YOUNG KIDS)
Ca++ chelation (localized in bone and teeth, teeth staining, bone deformity in developing children)
efflux pumps or ribosomal protection proteins
tigecycline (bad vs. pseudomonas and proteus) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gran negatives and staph, mycobacterium tb
30s non enzymatic site that alters codon:anticodon recognition
killed by phosphorylation, adenylation, acetylation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
very toxic so use carefully:
1. severe rickettsia infections in children and pregnant women (can't use tetracycline)
2. severe bacterial meningitis in patients who have severe allergies to penicillin and cephalosporin
50s, peptidyl transferase
gray baby syndrome (not use in newborns because can't metabolize - aplastic anemia)
acetyl transferases inactivate the drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gram+ cocci, gram- anaerobics
associated cdif colitis
50s
gram+ if allergic to penicillins and ceph
anaerobes of female genital tract and those that penetrate abdomen
cross placenta but not CNS
resistance via methylation of 50s ribosomes and adenylation of methyl OH groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
50s, translocation and initiation complex formation
gram+ except enterococci, yes some gram-
cross placenta, not CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
50s, inhibit initiation complex, translocation
cp34a inhibits p450
gram+
VRE
skin /structure infections
nosocomial pneomonia |
|
|
Term
| linezolid (oxazolidinone) |
|
Definition
gram+
VRE, VRSA
50s to inhibit formation of 70s initiation complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
50s, prevents tRNA binding and inhibits peptidyl transferase
gel, skin / topical
VRSA, strep pyogenes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mostly gram-, some gram+
hospital acquired pseudomonas
diarrhea caused by enterics
gram- facultative intracelular like legionella, brucella, salmonella typhi, atypical mycobacteria
dna gyrase
nausea, dizziness, headache, insomnia, siezures when combined with nsaids
orally administered, widely distributed but not CNS
nalidixic acid structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tb and leprosy as first line drug
prophylactially for N. meningitidis
inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to dna dependent rna polymerase
naphthalene
orally absorbed, widely distributed including CNA
occasional liver damage and wll enhave degradation of oral contraceptives by inducing p450
resistance arises from chomosomal mutation of rna polymerase gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tb and leprosy as first line drug
prophylactially for N. meningitidis
inhibits RNA synthesis by binding to dna dependent rna polymerase
naphthalene
orally absorbed, widely distributed including CNA
occasional liver damage and wll enhave degradation of oral contraceptives by inducing p450
resistance arises from chomosomal mutation of rna polymerase gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gram- aerobic
interact with membrane phospholipids acting as "cationic detergent"
nephro and neuro toxic if systemic, limit use to superficial skin lesions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MRSA, VRE
depolarizes membranes of gram+
insert into bac cyto in calcium dependent fashion
adverse effects: skeletal muscle elevations in serum CPK (monitor muscle status!)
intravenous infusion every 24 hrs. for 1-2 weeks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mycobacteria (first line for tb)
perhaps via inhibition of mycolic acid synthesis
administer in combo with other tb antibiotics to avoid resistance (ie. streptomycin, ethambutol, clofazimine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
first line drug for active tb
only d isomer is active
optic neuritis possible side effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
good against leprosy
half life up to 8 weeks
side effects: skin discoloration, urine/sweat/tears turn red |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gram+ and gram- aerobics only
uncomplicated UTI, prostatitis, urethritis caused by (susceptible) enterics
AIDS: pneumocystis carinii peumonia, nocardia in lungs
orally
all tissues including CNS
side effects = folate deficiency patients is dangerous, avoid use in final trimester of pregnancy or will increase fetal bilirubin leading to kernicterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
similar to sulfonamide
side effects include metabolite induced hemolytic anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
gram+
widespread but not CNS
anaphylactic shock, broad spectrum may change intestinal flora
penG penV poor gram-
aminopen improved gram-
antipseudomonal (aeruginosa) = tic, car, pipe, mez
penicillinase resistance = clox, meth, naf, ox |
|
|
Term
| cephalosporins and cephamycins |
|
Definition
first gen: ro-lex zol
gram+, surgical prophylaxis for skin infxn
second gen: fox te
- improved gram-, haemophilus influenza, amp/amox resistance
third gen: tri tax fix taz
broader gram-, antipseudomonal
excellent CSF penetration (meningitis caused by pneumococci, meningicoci, H. influenza)
fourth gen: cefepime
extended spectrum and incread beta lactamase stability |
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