Phenothiazine Tranquilizers/Sedatives

(types) 

 *Acepromazine

*Chlorpromazine 

Phenothiazine Tranquilizers/sedatives

(effects/hazards) 

*desired effects:

Calming, anxiety reducing

antiemetic

*side effects 

Hypotension

reduces seizure threshold

penile prolapse in stallions

protrusion of 3rd eyelid 

Benzodiazepine Tranquilizers sedatives

(types) 

*Diazepam (Valium)

-given IV, IM burns

-oral or rectal

-emergency seizure control

-can be mixed with ketamine

-adverse rxn to plastic

-sa-->inducing anesthesia 

*Midazolam 

*zolazepam 

Benzodiazepine Tranquilizers/sedatives

(effects&hazards) 

*desired effects:

-calming

-muscle relaxation (decreases seizure activity)

-can be used to stimulate appetite in anorexic cats

*side effects: 

-very safe (safe for ill, old, or trauma patients) 

(alpha)-2 agonists

(types) 

*xylazine

-sa+la 

*detomidine

-most potent

-used in horses only 

*medetomidine 

-sa 

(alpha)-2 agonists

(effects&hazards) 

*desired effects:

-profound calming

-profound analgesia(short duration-20 min)

+relieves visceral pain

-muscle relaxation

*side effects:

-Bradycardia

-vomiting

-ruminants+horses extremely sensitive

-GDV in large dog breeds+aerophagia 

 (induction agent)

Ultra short acting barbituates(10-30min)

types 

*Thiobarbituates (sulfur group)

<thiopental, thiamylal>

-injected IV, highly lipid soluble

-move rapidly from blood-->fat

-caution in animals that are over or underweight=prolonged anesthesia/brain overdose

*Oxybarbiturate (oxygen group)

<methohexital>

-not very fat soluble, eliminated by liver metabolism and excretion

-safe in underweight animals (sight hounds) 

(induction agent)

ultra-short acting barbituate

(information, effects, and hazards) 

 *desirable effects

-used as induction agent 

(loss of consciousness, loss of pain perception)

-works rapidly, metabolizes quickly

(maintenance with gas)

*side effects:

-respiratory&cardiac depression

-perivascular necrosis (give IV only)

-temporary excitement before unconsciousness 

(miscellaneous induction agent)

Propofol 

*short acting hypnotic 

*one time use, expensive, easily contaminated

*milk white apperance

*desired effects:

-(given IV) rapid induction

-short anesthesia

*side effects:

-enhances arrhythmias 

(miscellaneous induction agent)

Guaifenesin 

*desired effects:

-blocks connecting neurons in spinal cord&brainstem

-halts use of skeletal muscle(not unconscious)

-used IV with other anesthetic agents to cause unconsciousness+muscle relaxation

-used primarily in horses 

(induction agent)

Dissociative Anesthetics

(types) 

*Ketamine (CII)

-IV,oral,IM(stings)

*Tiletamine 

(induction agent)

Dissociative Anesthetics

(description, effects, and hazards) 

*short acting injectables

-used for induction or short procedures

*desired effects:

-animal feels dissociated from body

-mild superficial analgesia

-increases heart rate (prevent bradycardia)

*side effects:

-seizures (induction+recovery)

-exaggerated reflexes/ muscle rigidity in cats

-delirious on recovery (head bobbing)

-always use with a tranquilizer 

Analgesics

(defintion) 

*Drugs that reduce preception of pain without the loss of consciousness

*most potent=narcotic, opioid agents

*crosses placenta slowly

-good for c-sections

*receptor mediated 

Narcotic/ Opioid

(basic information) 

*made from opium poppy plants, or synthetic 

*attach to opium receptors in the brain

-receptor mediated

neuroleptanalgesia 

(definition) 

tranquilizer+opiod

-used to achieve muscle relaxation and sedation 

Narcotic Potency 

 definition for:

pure narcotic agonist

mixed agonist/antagonist

pure antagonist 

*potency depends on the number of opioid receptors binded to

 -pure narcotic agonist=bonded to all 5

-mixed agonist/antagonist=bonded to some

-pure antagonist=bonded with no cellular response

(reversal agent) 

Names of the 5

opium receptors 

1) mu

2)kappa

3)sigma

4)delta

5)epsilon 

Mu opium receptor 

*found in pain regulating areas of the brain

1)analgesia

2)euphoria

3)respiratory depression

4)physical dependence

5)hypothermic action 

Opioid/Narcotic Analgesics

(types) 

*Morphine sulfate

(-CII- naturally occuring opioid)

*Fentanyl

*Oxymorphone

*Butorphanol tartrate

*meperidine 

(all above are synthetic opioid) 

Opioid analgesics

(effects)

 *desired effects:

-potent pain relief (acute surgical pain)

(better to give preemtively before surgery)

-sedation, restraint, anxiety relief

-antitussive

Opioid analgesics

(hazards of use) 

*side effects:

-RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION

-hypersensitivity to sound

-cats+horses are very sensitive(use with tranquilizer)

-vomiting, constipation

-lowered heart rate and blood pressure(hypotension)

-interferes with body temperature control

(can cause hypothermia)

-can cause panting in dogs 

Opioid Antagonists

(types and definition) 

 REVERSAL AGENTS

-usually given IV

-acts rapidly (15-60seconds) 

*naloxone

*nalorphine

*naltrexone

Emergency Anticonvulsant

(one type) 

Diazepam

(Benzodiazepine tranquilizer)

-given IV

-lasts 20min-->4hours

-most is removed by first pass effect in liver

(cat's liver not as efficient-longer effects)

-can be given rectally 

Maintenance therapy of seizures 

(drug of choice for long term control of seizures..) 

information and hazards 

Phenobarbital

-drug of choice for long term control of seizures in dogs and cats

-inexpensive, long half-life

(can be given orally once or twice a day)

-oral tablets measured in grains

-eventually drug tolerance may occur 

-PU/PD

-hepatotoxicity

-CNS depression(drowsiness)or anxiety 

Long term seizure maintenance 

(drug+combination..) 

including hazards 

Potassium bromide

-used alone in dogs only

(or)

-used with phenobarbital to control seizures uncontrolled by phenobarbital alone

-long half life

-CAUTION:narrow therapeutic index

*side effects:

-sedation

-ataxia/ PU, PD sometimes

-hind limb paresis 

CNS stimulants

(effects&hazards) 

*desired effects:

-used to stimulate respiration in anesthesia or newborns

-used to reverse sedative agents 

*side effects: (usually seen in overdose):

-hypertension

-seizures

-panting 

Doxapram 

(CNS stimulant) 

*stimulates respiration in anesthetized dogs, cats, and horses

*given IV 

CNS stimulants:

(alpha)-2 antagonists 

(types) 

*Yohimbine

(reverses xylazine)

*Tolazoline

(reverses xylazine)

*Atipamezole

(reverses medetomidine) 

Euthanasia Agents

(main type, effects, and hazards) 

*desired effect:

*used to produce a rapid, humane death

*side effects:

-muscle twitching

-pain and delay of death if injected outside of vein

*drug:

-Pentobarbital sodium