Term
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Definition
1) patient's different responses to drugs
2) scheduling purposes
3) drug-therapy interactions
4) adverse drug reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of medications |
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Term
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Definition
- passing of the medication from the site of administration to the venous or lymphatic circulation
- depends on: bioavailability, dose, tissue, location, method of passage (active/passive) |
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Term
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Definition
process of medication molecules passing through body fluids to sites of action
- protein binding, barriers, - brain placenta; reservoirs- fat, teeth, bone) |
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Term
| Metabolism (biotransformation) |
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Definition
process where medications are altered by the body
- changed to metabolites (active/inactive), different %s of metabolites
- hepatic metabolism is most PROMINENT |
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Term
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Definition
removing medications and metabolites from body tissue (kidneys, bowel, lungs, saliva, perspiration, tears, breast milk)
-- KIDNEY most prevalent
* glomerular filtration (passife diffusion
* tubular secretion (active) |
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Term
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Definition
- peak serum concentration level
- the maximum concentration that the medication can reach |
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Term
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Definition
-time to peak
-time from drug administration to the maximum effect |
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Term
| Plasma Half Life (biologic half life) |
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Definition
- length of time to reduce the original plasma concentration by 50%
-- varies with individuals, does not change with dose, half of the remaining medication is lost in one more half life |
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Term
| Steady State is Reached After How Many Doses? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- the manner in which medication produces its effects on cell physiology
- medications physically or chemically modify a cell's environment, but do NOT change the cells function or enzymes (in most cases) |
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Term
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Definition
- a medication that has receptor site affinity and the ability to produce the desired effect
- lock and key |
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Term
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Definition
- a medication that has receptor site affinity but unable to produce the desired effect
- block electrical outlet |
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Term
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Definition
the effect the LIVER has on medication as it passes from the GI tract to the general circulation
- change in the liver is very common
- increase FPE = decreased bioavailability |
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Term
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Definition
- most commonly bound to albumin
- affinity varies
- medications must be in a free state to be active |
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Term
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Definition
| length of time to reach a minimally effective concentration in serum |
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Term
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Definition
| time during which blood levles of the medication are above the minimum effective concentration |
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Term
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Definition
- selective
- non selective
- sites of receptors may vary in tissues
- sites may be on or inside cells |
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Term
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Definition
- rate and extent to which an active drug, or therapeutic metabolite is absorbed and becomes available at the site of action
- depends on product formulation, site of administration, solubility, pH, food in GI tract, etc
- FDA: 20% variance |
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Term
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Definition
-presence of desired effect
- one of the tow most important features to prove |
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Term
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Definition
-refers to the activity of one drug versus another in conversation (morphine vs codeine)
- better to use the term concentration or strength |
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Term
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Definition
- a term used primarily in clinical trials
- relative term, comparing risks and benefits
- second of two very important features in drug development |
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Term
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Definition
- causing unwanted effects
- above the therapeutic index
* small therapeutic index leaves little room for error between toxic and not effective (blood thinners, seizure meds) |
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Term
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Definition
1) status of the child determines blood flow at the site of absorption more than in an adult
2) changes status of the GI tract
3) Skin of the child more porous (steroid patch) |
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Term
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Definition
| body composition of water is higher, fat content is higher, tooth formation not complete, BBB not formed completely, lower levels of albumin and protein, drugs in breast mild |
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Term
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Definition
metabolism is generally slower in the very young
- liver function may be 50-70% initially and for several days |
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Term
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Definition
-renal function may not be mature
- doses may need to be calculated based on renal clearance
- changes in urinary pH may change the rate of excretion for drugs |
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Term
| Effects of Receptor Sites in Child |
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Definition
- the number and function of receptors correlates with child's birth weight
- children may have more receptors and may require relatively large doses compared to adults (digitalis, aminoglycosides)
- children may have fewer receptrors decreasing the response to succinycholine or atropine |
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Term
| Dosing Options for Children |
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Definition
| Young's Rule, Fried's Rule, Clark's Rule, Body Surface Area |
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Term
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Definition
| overall significance is not clear, more alkaline GI environment, reductions in blood flow, decreased ensyme activity, decreased gastric emptying, decreased bowel motility |
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Term
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Definition
| decline in total body water, decline in lean muscle mass, increased serum levels are common, increased body fat, decreased serum protein |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased liver function = decreased first pass effect, decreased renal function |
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Term
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Definition
- decreased renal function
- decreased renal perfusion
- creatine clearance decreased |
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