Term
| WHAT IS PHARMACOKINETICS? |
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Definition
| WHAT THE BODY DOES TO THE DRUG |
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Term
| WHAT DOES PHARMACOKINETICS ADDRESS? |
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Definition
| ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, METABOLISM, AND ELIMINATION (ADME) |
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Term
| WHAT IS A TERM THAT ALSO DETERMINES THE TIMING OF EFFECT (ONSET, PEAK AND DURATION) OF A DRUG? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT ARE FACTORS THAT CAN ALTER THE PHARMACOKINETICS OF A DRUG? |
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Definition
| BIOAVAILABILITY; AGE, GENETICS, BODY COMPOSITION; RENAL, HEPATIC, AND CARDIAC FUNCTION |
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Term
| WHAT MAJOR VEIN RAPIDLY ABSORBS MEDICATIONS FROM THE ENTERNAL (SUBLINGUAL/BUCCAL) ROUTE? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHY DOES THE SUBLINGUAL/BUCAL ROUTE HAVE MINIMAL HEPATIC FIRST-PASS? |
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Definition
| BECAUSE IT GOES TO THE SVC INSTEAD OF THE PORTAL VEIN FROM THE STOMACH |
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Term
| ARE PO MEDICATIONS EXPOSED TO HEPATIC FIRST-PASS? |
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Definition
| YES, BECAUSE IT GOES THROUGH THE PORTAL VEIN AND TO THE LIVER |
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Term
| DOES RECTAL ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICATION PRODUCE LOCAL, SYSTEMIC, OR BOTH EFFECTS? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHY DOES LOWER RECTAL ADMINISTRATION HAVE LIMITED HEPATIC FIRST PASS ABSORPTION? |
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Definition
| BECAUSE THE MEDICATIONS LEAD INTO THE IVC |
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Term
| WHAT IS FIRST-PASS HEPATIC EFFECT? |
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Definition
| DRUGS THAT ARE ABOSRBED FROM THE GUT ENTER THE HEPATIC PORTAL BEIN, ENTER THE LIVER AND ARE METABOLIZED INTO POORLY ACTIVE COMPOUNDS WITH LOW BIOAVAILABILITY. IT CAN ALSO BE EXPLAINED AS A PHENOMENON OF DRUG METABOLISM WHEREBY THE CONCENTRATION OF A DRUG IS GREATLY REDUCED BEFORE IT REACHES THE SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION. |
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Term
| WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT THE IV ROUTE OF MEDICATION ADMINISTRATION? 4 ANSWERS |
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Definition
1)IT BYPASSES THE PROCESS OF ABSORPTION
2)RAPID ONSET
3)ALLOWS TIGHT CONTROL OVER DOSE DELIVERED (THEREFORE EFFECT PRODUCED)
4)MOST WIDELY USED METHOD OF DRUG DELIVERY IN ANESTHESIA |
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Term
| WHAT IS A BIG FACTOR RELATED TO IM ABSOPTION RATE? |
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Definition
| DEPENDENT ON BLOOD FLOW TO MUSCLE AND SOLUTION IN WHICH IS IT ADMINISTERED. |
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Term
| NAME SOME DRUGS USED IN ANESTHESIA THAT ARE ADMINISTERED SQ? |
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Definition
| INSULIN, TERBUTALINE FOR PRETERM LABOR (RELAXES THE UTERUS R/T PRECURSOR TO EPI), AND EPI |
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Term
| WHAT 2 COMPONENTS MAKE UP NEURAXIAL? |
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Definition
| EPIDURAL AND INTRATHECAL (SPINAL) |
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Term
| WHERE IS THE SITE OF ACTION OF EPIDURAL AND SPINAL MEDICATIONS? |
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Definition
| NERVE ROOTS, ROOTLETS, AND SPINAL CORD |
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Term
| WHERE EXACTLY IS THE EPIDURAL SPACE? |
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Definition
| THE SPACE SURROUNDING THE DURA MATER OF THE SPINAL CORD. ** LAYERS ** EPIDURAL, DURA MATER, ARACHNOID, SUBARACHNOID SPACE (WHERE CSF IS), AND PIA MATER *DAP* |
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Term
| WHAT IS A BIG CONCERN WITH EPIDURAL ADMINSTRATION OF MEDICATIONS? |
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Definition
| SYSTEMIC UPTAKE RELATED TO THE VASCULATURE |
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Term
| WHAT MUST TRANSDERMAL DRUGS BE RELATED TO LIPO/HYDRO, TO PASS THE EPIDERMAL LAYER? |
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Definition
| LIPID SOLUBLE, LIPOPHILIC |
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Term
| ALONG WITH IV ADMINISTRATION WHAT OTHER FORM OF ADMINISTRATION HAS JUST AS RAPID ONSET? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| INJECTION OR INFUSION OF MEDICATION AT OR NEAR A NERVE TO PROVIDE LOSS OF SENSATION. |
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Term
WHAT 3 STEPS TAKE PLACE IN ABSORPTION?
WHAT 2 ROUTES DOES ABSORPTION NOT APPLY TO? |
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Definition
| DRUGS MUST PASS FROM THE SITE OF ADMINISTRATION, THEN INTO THE CIRUCULATION, THEN TO THE TARGET SITE. DOESN'T APPLY TO IV OR TRANSDERMAL( R/T LOCAL) |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE 3 COMMON MEANS OF ABSORPTION? |
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Definition
| PASSIVE DIFFUSION, ACTIVE TRANSPORT, AND FACILITATED TRANSPORT. |
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Term
| DESCRIBE PASSIVE DIFFUSION. WHAT TYPE OF MOLECULES DO NOT UNDERGO PASIVE DIFFUSION? |
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Definition
| MOST COMMON TYPE OF ABSORPTION IN WHICH DRUGS MOVE DOWN A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT ALTHOUGH IT IS DEPENDENT ON THE PERMIABILITY OF THE CELL MEMBRANE. CHARGED MOLECULES DO NOT UNDERGO PASSIVE DIFFUSION. |
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Term
| WHAT DOES FICK'S LAW OF DIFFUSION STATE IN RELATION TO PASSIVE DIFFUSION? WHAT INCREASES AND DECREASES DIFFSION? |
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Definition
| THE RATE OF DIFFUSION IS INCREASED BY LARGE CONCENTRATION GRADIENT AND SURFACE AREA AVAILABLE FOR DIFFUSION. THE RATE OF DIFFUSION IS DECREASED BY MEMBRANE THICKNESS (LENGTH) AND LARGE MOLECULAR SIZE |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE FORMULA FOR FICK'S LAW OF DIFFUSION? |
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Definition
FLUX (MOLECULES PER UNIT TIME) =
(C1-C2) X (AREA X PERMEABILITY COEFFICIENT / THICKNESS) |
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Term
| WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT PASSIVE DIFFUSION IN RELATION TO LIPID OR AQUEOUS DIFFUSION? WHICH DIFFUSION IS LIMITED TO MOLECULAR SIZE AND WHY? |
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Definition
| IT CAN BE EITHER LIPID OR AQUEOUS DEPENDING ON WHAT PART OF THE CELL MEMBRANE THE PARTICLE DIFFUSES THROUGH. AQUEOUS DIFFUSION IS LIMITED BY MOLECULAR SIZE -MOST DRUGS ARE TOO LARGE TO DIFFUSE THROUGH THE PORES. |
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Term
| WHAT IS ACTIVE TRANSPORT? CAN IT MOVE ACROSS A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT? |
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Definition
| A TYPE OF TRANSPORT INRELATION TO ABSORPTION IN WHICH ENERGY IN THE FORM OF ATP IS NEEDED TO MOVE DRUGS ACROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE. IT CAN MOVE ACROSS A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT RELATED TO THE USE OF ENERGY. |
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Term
| WHAT IS FACILITATED TRANSPORT? WHAT DOES IT HAVE TO FOLLOW? WHAT IS IT FASTER THAN? |
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Definition
| IT REQUIRES A CARRIER MOLECULE ALTHOUGH DOESN'T REQUIRE ENERGY. IT HAS TO FOLLOW A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT. ITS FASTER THAN PASSIVE DIFFUSION. |
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Term
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Definition
| WHEN DRUGS ARE *DELIVERED* TO ORGANS AND TISSUE SO THAT THEY CAN EXERT THE DESIRED EFFECT. |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE FACTORS AFFECTING DISTRUCTION? (5 FACTORS) |
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Definition
| BLOOD FLOW, PLASMA PROTEIN BINDING, MOLECULAR SIZE, LIPID SOLUBILITY, ELECTRICAL CHARGE. |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE VESSEL RICH GROUPS (VRG) IN WHICH THEY REPRESENT 10% OF BODY MASS ALTHOUGH 75% OF CARDIAC OUTPUT? |
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Definition
| LUNGS, HEART, BRAIN, LIVER, AND KIDNEY. |
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Term
| WHAT % OF BODY MASS IS THE MUSCLE AND HOW MUCH CO DOES IT RECIEVE? |
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Definition
| 50% AND IT RECEIVES 20% OF CO. |
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Term
| WHAT % OF BODY MASS IS THE FAT GROUP AND HOW MUCH CO DOES IT RECEIVE? |
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Definition
| 20% IN NORMAL ADULTS, BUT ONLY RECEIVES ABOUT 5% OF CO. |
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Term
| WHERE ARE THE VESSEL POOR GROUP (VPG) AND HOW MUCH CO DO THEY RECEIVE? |
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Definition
| BONE, CARTILAGE, AND TEETH. RECEIVES LESS THAN 1% OF CO THEREFORE NEARLY NO DRUG DELIVERY TO THESE SITES. |
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Term
| DURING PLASMA PROTEIN BINDING WHAT PART OF THE DRUG IS AVAILABLE TO DIFFUSE TO TARGET SITES OR RESERVOIRS? WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE FREE DRUG IS DISTRIBUTED? |
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Definition
| THE FREE (UNBOUND) PART. WHEN THE FREE DRUG IS DISTRIBUTED, THE BOUND DRUG DISSOCIATES FROM THE PROTEIN IN ORDER TO MAINTAIN AN EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN BOUND AND FREE DRUG IN THE PLASMA. |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE MAIN PLASMA PROTEIN IN WHICH MOST DRUGS, ESPECIALLY ACIDS BIND TO? WHAT OTHER TYPE OF PLASMA PROTEIN DOES BASIC DRUGS BIND TO? FYI- THE DEGREE OF PROTEIN BINDING CAN AFFECT THE DISTRIBUTION AND HALF-LIFE OF A DRUG. |
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Definition
| ALBUMIN; A-1 GLYCOPROTEIN |
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Term
| WHEN ARE LOW ALBUMIN LEVELS TYPICALLY FOUND IN? (4 ANSWERS) WHEN ARE LOW A-1 GLYCOPROTEIN LEVELS FOUND IN? (4 ANSWERS) |
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Definition
| ELDERLY, RENAL OR HEPATIC DISEASE, MALNUTRITION.; NEONATES, CHRONIC PAIN, SURGERY, MI |
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Term
| DESCRIBE HOW MOLECULAR SIZE AFFECTS DISTRIBUTION. |
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Definition
| LARGE MOLECULES (HEPARIN) ARE UNABLE TO READILY DIFFUSE ACROSS THE MEMBRANES, THEREFORE ARE NOT WIDELY DISTRIBUTED. |
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Term
| DESCRIBE HOW LIPID SOLUBILITY AFFECTRS DISTRIBUTION. |
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Definition
| HIGHLY LIPID SOLUBLE DRUGS MORE READILY CROSS THE CELL MEMBRANE AND DISTRIBUTE THROUGHOUT. |
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Term
| DESCRIBE THE LIPID:AQUEOUS PARTITION COEFFICIENT. |
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Definition
| PARTITION COEFFICIENTS ARE A MEASURE OF SOLUBILITY (THE RATIO OF THE CONCENTRATION BETWEEN 2 PARTITIONS). THE HIGHER THE LIPID:AQUEOUS PARTITION COEFFICIENT, THE MORE LIPID SOLUBLE THE DRUG IS. |
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Term
| DESCRIBE HOW THE ELECTRICAL CHARGE AFFECTS DISTRIBUTION. |
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Definition
| CHARGED MOLECULES DO NOT UNDERGO PASSIVE DIFFUSION AND CAN ACCUMULATE ON ONE SIDE OF THE OTHER OF A MEMBRANE. |
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Term
| MOST DRUGS COMMONLY USED ARE WHAT IN RELATION TO WEAK/STRONG ACID/BASE? WHAT DOES THE WEAK NOTATION MEAN? |
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Definition
| WEAK ACIDS OR WEAK BASES. THE WEAK NOTATION MEANS THA THE COMPOUND DISSOCIATES VERY EASILY (WEAK BONDS). |
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Term
| WHAT IS AN ACID? WHAT IS THE EQUATION? |
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Definition
| A COMPOUND THAT CAN DISSOCIATE AND RELEASE (GIVE UP, LOSE, DONATE) A HYDROGEN ION (H+). AH - A- + H+ |
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Term
| WHAT IS A BASE? WHAT IS THE EQUATION? |
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Definition
| A COMPOUND THAT CAN *ACCEPT* A HYDROGEN ION (H+). B+H+ - BH+ |
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Term
| THE PROTONATED FORM OF AN ACID AND THE UNPROTONATED FORM OF A BASE IS WHAT? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| IONIZED IS THE SAME THING AS CHARGED. CHARGED PARTICLES ARE REPELLED BY A CELL MEMBRANE. |
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Term
| A PROTONATED ACID OR UNPROTONATED BASE CAN CAHNGE THEIR IONIZATION HOW? |
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Definition
| BY PICKING UP OR RELEASING A H+ DEPENDING ON THE pH OF THE ENVIRONEMENT. |
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Term
| WHAT DETERMINES A DRUG SITE AND RATE OF ABSORPTION/DIFFUSION? |
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Definition
| THE RATIO OF IONIZED TO NON-IONIZED FORM OF A DRUG. |
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Term
| WHAT PART OF THE DRUG IS THE LIPID SOLUBLE FORM? |
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Definition
| THE NON-IONIZED FORM OF A DRUG. REMEMBER LIPID SOLUBLE DRUGS ARE EASILY ABORBED AND DISTRIBUTED TO SITES OF ACTION. UNIONIZED = NON-IONIZED. LIPID SOLUBLE = LIPOPHILIC OR HYDROPHOBIC |
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Term
| WHAT FORM OF A DRUG IS THE WATER SOLUBLE FORM. |
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Definition
| IONIZED FORM. WATER SOLUBLE = HYDROPHILIC OR LIPOPHOBIC. |
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Term
| WHAT IS pka? WHAT DOES IT DETERMINE? |
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Definition
| THE DISSOCIATION CONSTANT OR IONIZATION CONSTANT. THE pka IS A *CONSTANT*, SPECIFIC TO EVERY DRUG, THAT IS USED IN THE HENDERSON-HASSELBALCH EQUATION TO DERMINES THE RATIO OF IONIZED TO UNIONIZED FORM OF A DRUG. THE pka DOESN'T CHANGE AND IS NOT THE SAME AS THE pH, BUT THE pH AFFECTS THE DRUGS ACTION DEPENDING ON THE pka AND WHEATHER THE DRUG IS A WEAK ACID OR A WEAK BASE. |
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Term
| WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE pka = pH? WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE pH CHANGES? |
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Definition
| THE RATIO OF IONIZED (WATER SOLUBLE) TO UNIONIZED (LIPID SOLUBLE) IS EQUAL. THERE IS 50% OF EACH OF THE PROTONATED VS NONPROTONATED FORM OF THE DRUG. WHEN THE pH CHANGES (REMEMBER THE pka IS CONSTANT), SO DOES THE RATIO OF IONIZED TO UNIONIZED. |
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Term
| WHEN THE pH < pka WHAT FORM IS GREATER? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHEN THE pH > pka WHAT FORM IS GREATER? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ANYTIME THERE IS A pH GRADIENT BETWEEN COMPARTMENTS (PLASMA AND INTRACELLULAR SPACE, PLASMA, AND URINE) THERE CAN BE "TRAPPING" OF A DRUG IN ITS IONIZED (WATER SOLUBLE) FORM, WHICH MEANS THAT IT CAN NO LONGER CROSS THE MEMBRANE. |
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Term
| DESRIBE ION TRAPPING IN RELATION TO FETAL AND MATERNAL pH. |
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Definition
| FETAL pH IS LOWER THAN MATERNAL pH...A WEAK BASE LIKE AN OPIOD OR LOCAL ANESTHETIC) IN ITS UNIONIZED (LIPID SOLUBLE) FORM IN THE MOTHER'S CIRCULATION CAN EASILY CROSS THE PLACENTAL BARRIER. ONCE IT IS EXPOSED TO THE LOWER pH OF THE FETUS, IT BECOMES IONIZED AND IS TRAPPED IN THE FETAL CIRCULATION, WHICH CAN LEAD TO ENHANCED FETAL EFFECTS. |
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Term
| DESCRIBE HOW THE pH OF URINE CAN INVOLVE ION TRAPPING. |
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Definition
| THE pH OF URINE CAN BE MANIPULATED IN ORDER TO TRAP A DRUG SO THAT IT IS CLEARED MORE EFFECTIVELY, ESPECIALLY IN THE CASE OF AN OVERDOSE. |
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Term
| WEAK ACID (BARBS AND ASA) BECOME IONIZED (WATER SOLUBLE) AND TRAPPED IN BASIC URINE. WHAT IS USED TO ALKALINIZE THE URINE? |
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Definition
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Term
| WEAK BASES (LIDOCAINE AND AMPHETAMINE) BECOME IONIZED AND TRAPPED IN ACIDIC URINE. WHAT IS USED TO ACIDIFY THE URINE? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT DO WEAK ACIDS BIND TO? |
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Definition
| POSITIVELY CHARGED IONS. EX. NA+, MG++, CA++. DRUGS THAT HAVE THESE IN THEIR NAMES ARE TYPICALLY WEAK ACIDS, EX. SODIUM THIOPENTAL |
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Term
| WHAT DO WEAK BASES BIND TO? |
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Definition
| NEGATIVELY CHARGED IONS (CL-, SO42-). EX LIDOCAINE, HYDROCHLORIDE, MORPHINE SULFATE |
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Term
| NOT ALL DRUGS ARE WEAK ACIDS OR WEAK BASES... SOME ARE NEUTRAL SALTS. GIVE SOME EXAMPLES. |
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Definition
| MAGNESIUM SULFATE, SODIUM CHLORIDE, CALCIUM CHLORIDE. |
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Term
| NAME THE pH OF PLASMA, CSF, URINE, BREAST MILK, GASTRIC ACID, SMALL INTESTINE (DUODENUM),(ILEUM), AND LARGE INTESTINE. |
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Definition
| PLASMA 7.35 TO 7.45, CSF 7.3, URINE 4-8, BREAST MILK 6.5-7.5, GASTRIC ACID, 1-3, DUODENUM 5-6, ILEUM 8, LARGE INTESTINE 8 |
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Term
| DESCRIBE BIOTRANSFORMATION. WHAT IS THE MAJOR SITE OF BIOTRANSFORMATION ALONG WITH OTHER SITES? |
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Definition
| ONCE THE DRUG HAS BEEN DISTRIBUTED INTO THE PLASMA AND TISSUES, THE BODY BEGINS TO INACTIVATE THE DRUG. THE LIVER IS THE MAJOR SITE, BUT CAN ALSO BE GI TRACT, LUNGS, SKIN, KIDNEYS, OR BRAIN. |
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Term
| WHAT IS THE END RESULT OF BIOTRANSFORMATION? CAN THE METABOLITES BE ACTIVE, INACTIVE, OR BOTH? |
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Definition
| ALTHOUGH THERE ARE SEVERAL PHASES THE END RESULT IS ALMOST ALWAYS A POLAR, MORE WATER-SOLUBLE COMPOUND THAT IS MORE EASILY EXCRETED. THE METABOLITES CAN BE ACTIVE OR INACTIVE. |
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Term
| WHAT ARE PRODRUGS? WHY IS IT BENEFICIAL? GIVE AN EXAMPLE. |
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Definition
| MEDICATIONS THAT ARE ADMINISTERED IN AN INACTIVE FORM, THEN METABOLIZED INTO A BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPOUND. THE PRODRUG IS USUALLY BETTER ABSORBED THAN THE DESIRED COMPOUND. ENALAPRIL (VASOTEC) IS CONVERTED TO THE ACTIVE COMPOUND AFTER THE FIRST-PASS THROUGH THE LIVER. |
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Term
| WHAT ARE THE 3 TYPES OF BIOTRANSFORMATION? |
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Definition
| OXIDATIVE, HYDROLYTIC, AND REDUCTIVE |
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Term
| DESCRIBE OXIDATIVE BIOTRANSFORMATION. |
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Definition
| OXIDATIVE IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF THE PHASE I REACTION. BY DEFINITION, OXIDATIONS INVOLVES LOSS OF ELECTRONS. IT INCLUDES A CYP450 ENZYME CATALYZATION AND CYTOPLASMIC OXIDASES (ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE TO ETHANOL, XANTHINE OXIDASE FOR CAFFEINE AND THEOPHYLLINE, AND MONOAMINE OXIDASE FOR CATHECHOLAMINES AND PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS). |
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Term
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Definition
| IT INDUCES THE SPEED OF THE METABOLISM OF DRUGS THAT ARE DEPENDENT ON THIS PATHWAY FOR BIOTRANSFORMATION, RESULTING IN A SHORTER DURATION AND DECREASED EFFECTS. |
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Term
| WHAT DO CYP INHIBITORS DO? |
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Definition
| THEY SLOW THE METABOLISM OF DRUGS THAT USE THE CYP SYSTEM RESULTING IN EXAGGERATED EFFECTS AND A LONGER HALF-LIFE. |
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Term
| DESCRIBE HYDROLYTIC IN TERMS OF BIOTRANSFORMATION. |
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Definition
| MOLECULES THAT REACT WITH WATER WHICH BREAKS THE ORIGINAL MOLECULE INRO SMALLER MOLECULES. ESTERS AND AMIDES ARE HYDROLYZED BY MULTIPLE ENZYMES. "-ASE" |
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Term
| DESCRIBE REDUCTIVE IN TERMS OF BIOTRANSFORMATION. |
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Definition
| REDUCTION INVOLVES THE GAIN OF ELECTRONS (OPPOSITE OF OXIDATION). IT IS THE LEAST COMMON OF PHASE I REACTIONS AND CAN BE CYP ENZYME MEDIATED. |
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Term
| MANY DRUGS CAN UNDERGO A COMBINATION OF PHASE I REACTIONS (HYDROLYTIC, REDUCTIVE, & OXIDATIVE). GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF A DRUG THAT DOES THIS? |
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Definition
| NTG UNDERGOES REDUCTIVE HYDROLYSIS. |
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Term
| DESCRIBE WHAT HAPPENS IN PHASE II BIOTRANSFORMATION. WHAT TYPE OF ENZYMES ARE INVOLVED? |
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Definition
| CONJUGATION REACTIONS YIELD POLAR (AND TYPICALLY INACTIVE) COMPOUNDS THAT ARE EASILY EXCRETED. THIS CAN OCCUR WITH PARENT DRUG OR PHASE I METABOLITS. THIS TYPE OF BIOTRANSFORMATION IS OFTEN FASTER THAN CYP450 CATALYZED REACTIONS. TRANSFER ENZYMES (TRANSFERASES) ARE INVOLVED. |
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Term
| LIST SOME COMMON REACTIONS WITH THE TRANSFERASES. |
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Definition
| GLUCURONATE= GLUCURONIDATION (MOST COMMON), GLYCINE= GLYCINE CONJUGATION, ACETYL-COA= ACETYLATION, SULFATES= SULFATION, S-ADENSOSYLMETHIONINE= METHYLATION |
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Term
| DESCRIBE THE HEPATIC EXTRACTION RATIO. |
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Definition
| DRUGS THAT ARE CLEARED (METABOLIZED) BY THE LIVER ARE CATEGORIZED BY THEIR HEPATIC EXTRACTION RATIO. THE EXTRACTION RATIO = RATE OF ELIMINATION/RATE OF ENTRY. THE CLEARANCE OF A DRUG BY ANY ORGAN CANNOT EXCEED THAT ORGAN'S BLOOD FLOW, BUT SOME DRUGS ARE MORE DEPENDENT ON HEPATIC BLOOD FLOW, AND OTHERS ON ENZYMATIC METABOLISM. |
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Term
| DESCRIBE A HEPATIC RATIO >0.7. |
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Definition
| HIGH HEPATIC EXTRACTION RATIO. HEPATIC BLOOD FLOW HAS THE MOST EFFECT ON DRUG METABOLISM (CLEARANCE). LIVER FAILURE (WITH NORMAL BLOOD FLOW) WILL NOT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT CLEARANCE. THIS IS ALSO KNOWN AS PERFUSION-DEPENDENT ELIMINATION. |
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Term
| DESCRIBE A HEPTIC EXTRACTION RATIO < 0.3. |
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Definition
| LOW HEPATIC EXTRACTION RATIO. HEPATIC BLOOD FLOW HAS LITTLE EFECT ON DRUG METABOLISM AND ENZYMATIC PROCESSES PLAY THE MAJOR ROLE. LIVER FAILURE (REDUCED ENZYME PRODUCTION AND ACTIVITY) HAS A MAJOR EFFECT ON DRUG METABOLISM. |
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Term
| NAME SOME DRUGS THAT HAVE A LOW HEPATIC EXTRACTION RATIO. |
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Definition
| DIAZEPAM, LORAZEPAM, METHADONE, DILANTIN, ROCURONIUM, THEOPHYLLINE, THIOPENTAL |
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Term
| NAME SOME DRUGS THAT HAVE A HIGH HAPTIC EXTRACTION RATIO. |
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Definition
| BUPIVICAINE, DILTIAZEM, FENTANYL, KETAMINE, LABETOLOL, METOPROLOL, LIDOCAINE, DEMEROL, MORPHINE, NARCAN, PROPOFOL, SUFENTANIL. |
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