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Intermolecular Forces General Characteristics |
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Weak, Temperature dependent, concentration dependent, intermolecular, reversible |
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Intermolecular Forces Active Role In Drug Physical Chemistry |
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distribution between immiscible phases, heat of fusion, heat of vaporization, melting point, boiling point, polymorphism, solubility, interfacial phenomena |
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Definite, exact melting points, locked together by imf |
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Hard and brittle with high melting points ionic bonds |
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vanderwaals forces and H-bonds Soft, with low melting points |
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different crystalline forms of the same substance. organic or inorganic. May have different MP, solubility, and therapeutic responses |
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Amorphous forms (solid-state) |
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non-crystalline powders, do not have sharp melting points. amorphous form sometimes preferred over crystalline form of the drug |
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occur during crystallization when some chemicals trap a fixed ratio of solvent molecules in the crystalline (solid state) *If the solvent is water, it is a hydrate |
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large molecules made of repeating units connected by covalent bonds PEGS can be solids or liquids |
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inversely proportional to MW |
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freeze-drying apparatus, sucks all the air out of the chamber with a vacuum |
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F=C-P+2 F= number of independent variables C = # components P = Number of Phases |
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when two different substances, crystals, amorphous solids, together and you get the sweet spot where everything starts |
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Transfer of energy to change the surrounding |
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Proportional to amount, mass, volume, enthalpy, gibbs free enrgy, entropy etc |
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independent of amount: density, temperature, surface tension, mp, bp |
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Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be transformed |
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Second Law Thermodynamics |
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Systems have the tendency of increasing entropy, maximizing probabilites |
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The entropy of a pure perfect crystal substance is zero at absolute zero (0k) |
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Homogeneous Molecular dispersions with particle size <10A they are a mixture of two or more components that form a single phase |
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Homogeneous or heterogeneous dispersions with particles size ranging from 10 to 5000 A heterogeneous colloids may undergo phase seperation |
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hetergoenous dispersion with particle size >5000A eg supsensions and emulsions |
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In chemistry, colligative properties are properties of solutions that depend upon the ratio of the number of solute particles to the number of solvent molecules in a solution, and not on the type of chemical species present. |
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When a nonvolatile solid is dissolved in a liquid the vapor pressure of the solvent is lowered |
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pressure difference btwn a pure solvent and a solution separated by a semipermeable membrane that allows the passage of the solvent |
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pi = R x T x m \ pi is osmotic pressure in atm R = 0.082 T = Absolute temperature in degrees Kelvin m = solute molality |
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Independent of size or identity of the solute |
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Melting and freezing point depression, Osmotic PRessure, etc with "i's" (vant hoff factors) |
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Solutions with the same osmotic pressure are called isosmotic solutions. Implies physical chemical stability |
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A solution that has the same tone (biological compatibility) of body fluids.Same colligative properties magnitudes of body fluids, i.e., same vapor pressure etc. implies biolgical compatability |
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Hypertonic Or Hypotonic Effect on RBC |
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Hypotonic: RBC will cause cell swelling and lysis. Hypertonic: will cause RBC shrinkage |
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the weight of NaCl that produces the same osmotic effect as 1g of the drug |
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depend on the number of dissociated ions; NaCl = 2 mOsmol. CaCl2 = 3mOsmol |
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