Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the endocrine maintain homeostasis |
|
Definition
| Using hormones as chemical messengers |
|
|
Term
| What are hormones secreted? |
|
Definition
| When a change in the internal enviorment is detected |
|
|
Term
| How are Hormones commonlyh controlled? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is it possible for one hormone to control another? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prevents overresponses by endocrine system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Congenital malformations
Destruction-infection, ischemia, inflamation, autoimmune, cancer
Aging
Necessary hormones absent/decreased |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Excessive stimulation
Hyperplasia
Hormone secreting tumor |
|
|
Term
| Adrenal cortex releases what hormone type |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypersecretion of Glucocoritcoids results in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyposecretion of Glucocorticoids results in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment for Hypersecretion of Glucocorticoids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment of overactive pituitary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment of hypoactive pituitary |
|
Definition
| Somatrem (Protropin)and somatotropin (Genotropin) |
|
|
Term
| Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone results? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyposecretion thyroid hormone results |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TX of hyper thyroid hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TX of hypo thyroid hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is it more effective to give hormone that directly affects secretion or one to counterbalance another |
|
Definition
| The former, because few hormones have clinical application |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the pit gland located |
|
Definition
| base of brain, next to the hypothalmus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ACTH, TSH,Gh, FSH, LH, and Prolactin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls thyroid hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ACTH deficiency can be life threatening b/c of |
|
Definition
| its role with the adrenal gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Weakness, nausea, fatigue, fever,postural hypotension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
TX underlying cause
Give cortisol (ACTH)
TSH
Sex hormones LH,FSH
GH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does GH stop being produced in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is GH carried in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long is GH's half life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does GH reach peak levels |
|
Definition
| 1-4 hours after the onset of sleep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hypoglycemia
fasting
starvation
increased serum amino acids
stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hyperglycemia
free fatty acid release
Cortisol
obesity
emotional deprivation in children |
|
|
Term
| What can emotional deprivation in children lead to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GROWTH HORMONE Recombinant DNA drugs EX |
|
Definition
| Somatrem(Protropin), Somatropin(Humatrope) |
|
|
Term
| Approoved to treat small stature people |
|
Definition
| Somatrem(Protropin), Somatropin(Humatrope) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Born with Normal weight
Normal intelligence
Short stature
obese
immature appearance
delay skelatal maturity and puberty |
|
|
Term
| TX for Congenital GH deficiency |
|
Definition
| GH replacement, Subq inj several a week |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Short children w/o GH def to increase HT and short stature in adults |
|
|
Term
| GH Deficiency occurs in adults when? |
|
Definition
| could be in childhood or develope later in life |
|
|
Term
| Risk associat w/ GH deficiency in adultsq |
|
Definition
| atherosclerotic changes, increase waist circumference, increased visceral fat, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia=metabolic syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hormone replacement therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EX of a somatotropin drug |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AX of Protropin/Genotropin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Use of Protropin/Genotropin |
|
Definition
| deficiency states, short stature |
|
|
Term
| Nursing cons of protropin/genotropin |
|
Definition
Long term tx may lead to DM
D/C when appropriate ht is reached
Do not use after puberty |
|
|
Term
| Route for Protropin/Genotropin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If given SUBQ, monitor for? |
|
Definition
subQ fat diminishing
bone growth of 3-5 inches in 1st year |
|
|
Term
| Cause of GH excess in children |
|
Definition
Genetic/Chromosomal (Marfan's)
Increasd GH
Early release of estrogen/androgen |
|
|
Term
| TX of GH excess in children |
|
Definition
| estrogen and testosterone slows bone growth |
|
|
Term
| When must estrogen and testosterone therapy be started to successfully treat GH excess in children |
|
Definition
| 3-4 years before expected epiphyseal closure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased GH after epiphysis closure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Osteoporosis, HTN, CAD,CHF, Amenorrhea, HA,Sweating, weakness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Surgery Radiation, somatostain analogs |
|
|
Term
| Somatostatin analog example |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tx of acromegaly and GI tumors
suppress GH and IGF;
suppress release of serotonin, secretin, glucagon, insulin, and LH |
|
|
Term
| Post Pit Replacement Drug EX |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthetic vasopressin analog; enables the kidneys to concentrate urine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diabetes Insipidus, Renal Failure, Enuresis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HTN, angina, MI, fluid retention, Water intoxication |
|
|
Term
| Pitressin, DDAVP NSG imps |
|
Definition
Onset is 1 hour
Last 8 to 20 hours
Monitor BP
Limit Water
NO PREGNANT WOMEN |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intranasal, subQ, IV, and PO |
|
|
Term
| T4 (Thyroxine) responsible for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T3 (Triiodothyronine) responsible for regulating metabolism |
|
Definition
| responsible for regulating cellular metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Thyrocalcitonin(calcitonin) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lower neck, anterior trachea |
|
|
Term
| Substance necessary for thyroid gland to synthesize and secrete hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| t3 and t4 stimulate what? |
|
Definition
| Body growth, metabolic rate, heart rate, and glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What body parts/organs does calcitonin work on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
results in a hypometabolic rate including
decrease O2 Consumption
decrease heat production |
|
|
Term
| Primary Causes of Hypothyroidism |
|
Definition
| Congenital defects, surgery, radiation, antithyroid meds, iodine def, thyroiditis |
|
|
Term
| Secondary Causes of Hypothyroidism |
|
Definition
| Peripheral resistance to thyroid hormones or Pit TSH def |
|
|
Term
| How long does it take for hypothyroidism to manifest? |
|
Definition
| Slowly over months to years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
EVERYTHING DECREASES EXCEPT WT AND FLUID
Memory impairment
Confusion
Decreased reflexes
Periorbital edema
Hypotension
Bradycardia
Constipation
Muscle weakness
Goiter
Edema
Wt gain
hypothermia
cold intolerance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accummulation of protein in the interstitial spaces resulting in increased interstitial fluids and non-pitting edema (especially in the tibial and facial areas); can also lead to dilated cardiomyopathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causes hypothyroid crisis (m. coma) |
|
Definition
extreme or prolonged hypothyroidism
inadequate hormone replacement
infection
trauma
exposure to cold
CNS Depressants |
|
|
Term
| Myxedematous coma AKA Hypothyroid Crisis Characterized by? |
|
Definition
| Lactic acidosis, Hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, hypotension, bradycardia, CV collapse, hypothermia, hypoventilation, coma |
|
|
Term
| IS myxedematous coma common and life threating |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypothyroidism, goiter, thyroid carcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Admin at same time each morning
monitor for signs of hypo and hyper thyroidism
check pulse prior to admin
monitor levels
DO NOT STOP ABRUTLY
TAKE ON EMPTY STOMACH |
|
|
Term
| Hyperthyroidism caused by |
|
Definition
| Graves disease, goiter, tumor, excess replacement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Emotional liability, agitation, exophtalmos, increased reflexes, tachycardia, diarrhea, muscle weakness, fatigue, flushed skin, goiter, hyperthermia, wt loss, heat intolerance diaphoresis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormones, blocking each step in synthesis except iodine uptake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
monitor for s/s of hypo/hyperthyroidism
monitor levels before admin
monitor pulse before admin
adminster with meal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increasing levels suppresses synthesis of thyroid hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prep for hyperthyroid surgery to reduce vascularization and minimize bleeding |
|
|
Term
| CA, Na, K iodide NSG imps |
|
Definition
watch for allergic rx
should not be close to children or pregnant women for 1 week before and after(radioactive) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the parathyroid maintain serum CA |
|
Definition
| by secreting PTH, which increases bone, kidney, and intestinal reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| PTH enhances what Vitamin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypoparathyroidism leads to what? |
|
Definition
Hypocalcemia and Hyperphosphatemia
Hyperreflexia
Altered sensorium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypoparathyroidism CAused by |
|
Definition
| Damage or removal during a thyroidectromy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
IV Ca gluconate,
vit D,
PTH replacement |
|
|
Term
| Pseudohypothyroidism caused by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pseudohypothyroidism means |
|
Definition
| Body has a PTH resistance |
|
|
Term
| Hyperparathyroidism leads to |
|
Definition
Hypercalcemia
Hypophosphatemia
Bone damage
Renal damage |
|
|
Term
| Cause of Hyperparathyroidism |
|
Definition
Cancer
Hyperplasia
Chronic hypocalcemia (renal failure) |
|
|
Term
| Hyperparathyroidism causes |
|
Definition
Increased bicarb excretion
Decreased acid excretion
Hypokalemia
Metabolic Acidosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Same as Hypercalcemia S/S |
|
|
Term
| Tx of Hyperparathyroidism |
|
Definition
| Lasix, Phosphates, calcitonin, glucocorticoids, IVF (increase excretion), Surgery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slows bone reabsorption of CA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rotate sites and nares
monitor s/s hypo/hypercalcemia |
|
|
Term
| Routes of admin for calcitocin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adrenal cortex located where? |
|
Definition
| outer layer of the adrenal gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mineralcortcoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol, testosterone, and estrogen) |
|
|
Term
| Adrenal gland Medulla- (inner layer) secretes? |
|
Definition
| Epi, Norepi, and dopamine |
|
|
Term
| Cortisol effect on glucose |
|
Definition
Stimulates glucose production
Decrease glucose in the tissue (draws it out) |
|
|
Term
| Cortisol effect on protein metabolism |
|
Definition
| Increase protein metabolism by increasing plasma levels and breakdown of protein |
|
|
Term
| Cortisol effect on Fat metabolism |
|
Definition
| increases mobilization and utilization of fatty acids |
|
|
Term
| Cortisol anti inflammatory ax |
|
Definition
| prevention of inflammatory mediator, suppressing immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contributes to emotional instability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| facilitates humoral and neural influences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary adrenal cortical insufficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
autoimmune
TB
Cancer
Fungal inf
Amyloid disease
Aids
Hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| related to hormone Def. and ACTH elevation but do not become apparent until 90% adrenal destruction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hormone replacement for life
regular meals
Excercise
Infection prevention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cushing disease: excessive ACTH from PIT
Benign or malignant adrenal tumor
Ectopi Cushings saused by a nonpituitary ACTH secreting tumor
Iatrogenic: long term glucocorticoid Therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
psychosis
hypertension
Peptic ulcers
Buffalo Hump
Truncal obesity
ABdominal purple striae
moon face |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
surgery
radiation
meds to block Steroid synthesis
protection for immunosuppression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Celstone, Decadron, Hydrocortisone, Medrol, Prednisone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adrenal insufficiency
Addison's
pt's needing antiinflammatory and immunosuppression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Adrenal crisis
Blood sugar levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Steroid (aldosterrone) acts on kidneys to retain Na and H20 and release K; normally regulated by the renin system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adrenal failure/hypofunction, hypotension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
WAtch for s/s of Na, H20, and K imbalances
Do not stop abruptly
MONITOR BP |
|
|
Term
| Adrenocortical Inhibitors EX |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blocks the first step in the synthesis of all steroid hormones from cholesterol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cushings, adrenal cortex tumors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drowsiness, rash nervousness, depression tachy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
S/S of adrenal suppression
Requires P450 |
|
|
Term
| Adrenocoritcal STeroid EX |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form of corticotropin releasing hormone that has the same ability to cause release of acth from the ant pit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Addison's and secondary adrenal insufficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common endocrine disorder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the Islets of Langerhans Secrete |
|
Definition
| Glucose regulating hormones into the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesis and seccretion of glucagon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| synthesis and secretion of insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| secretes somatostatin (inhibits the release of insulin and glucagon, decreases gi absorption, extends the use of nutrients by the tissue ) |
|
|
Term
| Insulin does what to target cells? |
|
Definition
| Promotes uptake of glucose and provides for glucose storage as a glycogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prevents fat and glycogen breakdown |
|
|
Term
| Insulins effect on protein |
|
Definition
| promotes protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Where does insulin increae transport of glucose to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cell membranes are impermeable to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glucose release from the liver |
|
|
Term
| Hormones that maintain Glucose during stress |
|
Definition
| Catecholamines, epi, norepi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glucose in urine
polyuria
polydispia
polyphagia (excessive hunger) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
giving too much insulin
not eating
increased exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
HA
altered thought process
coma
diaphoresis
tachy
clammy
anxy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cycle of insulin induced posthypoglycemic episode |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased levels of FBG or insulin requirements or both between 5-9am |
|
|
Term
| what may cause dawn phenomenon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hyperglycemia, type 1 and 2 dm, emergency tx of hyperkalemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulate the release of insulin from the islets; increases sensitivity of insulin resceptors on target cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
may be used w/insulin
monitor for hypoglycemia
monitor blood glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glucophage only drug in this class |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DEcreases hepatic production of glucose
reduce insulin resistance
does not promote insulin release from pancrease
increases ability of insulin to bind to peripheral tissue |
|
|
Term
| Biguanides only affective in what type of patient? |
|
Definition
those who produce insulin
type 2 dm pt's |
|
|
Term
| Biguanides MAJOR NURSING IMP |
|
Definition
| VERY NEPHROTOXIC STOP 3 DAYS BEFORE PROCEDURES THAT CAN CAUSE RENAL DAMAGE AND 2 DAYS AFTER. DO NOT GIVE TO RENAL PT'S |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Action-activates insulin responsive genes to decrease insulin resistance and inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| THIAZOLIDINEDIONES NURSING IMPS |
|
Definition
May be used in combo w/ other meds
Optimal lowering of blood glucose may take 3 to 4 months of therapy
Most common adverse effects: fluid retention, headache, weight gain
Hypoglycemia does not occur with drugs in this class |
|
|
Term
| Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors EX |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors AX |
|
Definition
Inhibits intestinal enzymes that breakdown carbs into smaller molecules
Digestion of glucose delayed
Carbohydrates must be in monosaccharide form to be absorbed |
|
|
Term
| Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors uses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors Imps |
|
Definition
Agents usually well tolerated; have minimal side effects
most common side effects are GI-related |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulating release of insuliin from pancreatic islet cells |
|
|
Term
| Meglitinides most common adverse effect |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meglitinides efficacy equal to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what should be given after admin. Antihypoglycemic drugs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oral contraceptives MINI PILLS |
|
Definition
| only contain progestin; not as effective; thick mucous at entrance of uterus |
|
|
Term
| Three types of oral contraceptive |
|
Definition
MONOPHASIC
BIPHASIC
TRIPHASIC |
|
|
Term
| WHAT IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE OF O/C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DELIVERS CONSTAND DOSE OF ESTROGEN AND PROGESTIN IN EACH PILL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| AMOUNT OF ESTROGEN REMAINS CONSTANT, BUT PROGESTIN BEGINS TO INCREASE AT THE END OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE TO NOURISH THE UTERINE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| BOTH ESTROGEN AND PRGESTIN DOSES VARY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ONE DAY MISSED, DOUBLE UP THE NEXT
TAKING MORE THAN 2 MAY CAUSE SERIOUS N/V AND DECREASE EFFECTIVENESS |
|
|
Term
| EXTENDED REGIMEN O/C AND EXAMPLE |
|
Definition
| 84 CONSECUTIVE DAYS FOLLOWED BY 7 PLACEBOS.... SEASONALE |
|
|
Term
| COMMON DRUGS THAT LOWER EFFECTIVENESS OF O/C |
|
Definition
| ANTICONVULSANTS, ANTIBIOTICS |
|
|
Term
| O/C LOWERS EFFECTIVENESS TO WHICH DRUGS |
|
Definition
| COUMADIN, INSULIN, ORAL HYPERGLYCEMIC AGENTS |
|
|
Term
| PHARMACOLOGICAL ABORTION REMOVES EMBRYO EX AND CAN BE GIVEN UP TO HOW LONG? |
|
Definition
| MIFEPREX AND UP TO 9 WEEKS AFTER CONCEPTION |
|
|
Term
| MONITOR FOR WHAT WITH PHARMACOLOGICAL ABORTION |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PREMARIN, ESTRACE, CLIMARA |
|
|
Term
| ESTROGEN SHOULD BE TAKEN WITH WHAT AND WHY? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ESTROGENS INTERFERE WITH WHAT |
|
Definition
| COUMADIN AND ORAL HYPO GLYCEMIC AGENTS |
|
|
Term
| SHOULD MONITOR WHAT WITH ESTROGENS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
HERB
USED FOR MENOPAUSE, INFLAMMATION, MENSTRUAL IRREGULARITIES, INDUCTION OF LABOR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CAUSES THE ENDOMETRIUM TO CHANGE FROM proliferative to secretory in the latter half of the menstrual cycle in prep for the embryo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DECREASE MID CYCLE BLEEDING
AMENORRHEA
BREAST CANCER
METASTATIC ENOMETRIAL CANCER
RENAL CANCER |
|
|
Term
| PROVERA SHOULD NOT BE TAKEN IF PREGNANT |
|
Definition
| PROVERA SHOULD NOT BE TAKEN IF PREGNANT |
|
|
Term
| OXYTOCIN/PITOCIN SHOULD BE STOPPED WHEN |
|
Definition
| CONTRACTIONS ARE LESS THAN 2MIN APART OR LASTING MORE THAN 90 SECONDS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used to control postpartum hemorrhage
Causes uterine contractions and will decrease milk production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to terminate a pregnancy when used up through the 2nd trimester or to induce labor after that |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inhibits contractions stopping labor
If it does not stop the labor have the oxytocin ready to give to stop postpartum bleeding |
|
|
