Term
| pilocarpine: what it does |
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Definition
| muscarinic PSNS agonist. used for xerostomia- increases blood flow to saliva by dilating vessels in salivary glands, which increase water flow, increases secretion |
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Term
| pilocarpine: contraindications |
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Definition
asthma- muscarinic receptors on bronchial smooth muscle constricts it and stimulates glandular secretion
ulcers: increases HCl in stomach |
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Term
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Definition
driving: can produce a decrease in visual acuity by causing a contraction of ciliary muscle- which causes suspensory ligament tension on the lens, which causes a rounding of the lens for near vision- produces miosis
cardiovascular patients- can cause temporary bradycardia due to stimulation of AV node on the heart- hypotension may also occur due to vasodilation in peripheral vessels having noninnervated muscarinic receptors (vestigial) CV patients may not be able to respond well to these vascular changes
pulmonary diseases- same as asthma |
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Term
atropine sulfate
propantheline
glycopyrrolate
hyoscyamine: what they do |
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Definition
| competitive pharmocological antagonists of Ach- they can block salivary secretion |
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Term
atropine sulfate
propantheline
glycopyrrolate
hyoscyamine: contraindications |
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Definition
narrow angle glaucoma- relaxes iridial sphincter muscle causing mydriasis which blocks drainage through canals of shlem, causing intraocular presure, occlusion of vessels and retinal detachment- can cause blindness!
prostatic hypertrophy- blockage of PSNS input will cause increase in SNS tone on the sphincter- causing urinary retention- causing pain
ulcerative colitis- this will decrease GI motility, increasing the contact time with cytotoxins |
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Term
atropine sulfate
propantheline
glycopyrrolate
hyoscyamine: warnings |
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Definition
heart patients: inhibition of AV and SA nodal activity can lead to increase in heart rate and heart work
young children- hyperactivity
elderly- enhanced effects, use lower dose or avoid
asthma: mucous usually traps allergens, fi you get rid of it, you can get a acute attack- bronchospasm |
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Term
| what drugs cause a competitive antagonistic effect on ACh receptors and are used to block the actions of Ach on salivary glands? |
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Definition
atropine sulfate (sal-tropine)
propantheline (pro-banthine)
glycopyrrolate (robinul)
hyoscyamine (cytospaz) |
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Term
| What drug is used as PSNS Ach agonist to increase salivary gland? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| excitatory- post junctional associated with mobilization of intracellular Ca++ |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibitory- due to opening of K+ channels- causing hyperpolarization- these receptors can be pre, post, or non junctional |
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Term
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Definition
| excitatory effect on the heart- post junctional |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibitory effects- can be post, pre, or non junctional |
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Term
| phenylephrine(neo synephrine) |
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Definition
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Term
| norepinephrine (levo-phed) |
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Definition
| mixed alpha and beta affinity, but NO beta 2 activity |
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Term
| levonordefrin (neo-cobefrin) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| agents that have no affinity for adrenoreceptors but can elicit sympathetic effects by causing an increase in the amount of norepinephrine in the vicinity of adrenoreceptors |
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Term
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Definition
| indirect- causes an increase in the normal leakage of NE from nerve varicosities until ther eis sufficient NE in the NEJ to activate a significant number of receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| this agent blocks the actions of specific NE transporters in the prejunctional membranes which slows down the reuptake of NE after firing of a nerve. this can lead to increased frequency of receptor occupation and thus greater than normal activity |
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Term
| a1-adrenoreceptors responses |
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Definition
excitatory-
contraction of muscles and secretion from glands
1)radial muscle of eye- contracts causing widening of the pupil (mydriasis) which will facilitate night vision
2) smooth muscle of blood vessels in skin and salivary glands will contract to direct blood flow elsewhere
salivary gland secretion will become thick and ropy |
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Term
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Definition
inhibitory responses- relaxation of smooth muscle or decrease in glandular secretions
1) ciliary muscle of the eye relaxes- causes lens to flatten
2) smooth muscle of hepatic blood vessels relax- increase in blood flow to liver increasing output of glucose
3) smooth muscle of bronchioles relax to increase o2 intake for increased energy demands |
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Term
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Definition
excitatory receptors on the heart-
of atrial and ventricular muscle- increases automaticity and force of contraction
2) stimulation of receptors in S-A node will lead to an increase in atrial contractions which translates to increase in heart rate |
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Term
| Effector with unusual receptor populations |
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Definition
| 1) smooth m. of blood vessels of skeletal m. |
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Term
| blood vessels of skeletal muscles have what receptors? |
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Definition
| a1 receptor predominate during homeostasis, B2 dominate during stress |
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Term
| order of abundance of receptors in smooth muscle of blood vessels of skeletal m. |
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Definition
1) b2 receptors are the most abundant- not associated with any nerves- stimulated by epi from adrenal medulla - dilation
2) muscarinic receptor- are less abundant. associated with sympathetic postganglionic cholinergic nerves- stimulated by Ach release - dilation
3)A1 adrenoreceptors are the least abundant and associated with sympathetic postganglionic adrenergic nerves- stimulated by NE release - constriction |
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Term
| metabolic responses- glucose metabolism in response to "fight" |
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Definition
a1 receptor stimulation stimulated glucose production
a2 receptor stimulation inhibits insulin release |
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Term
| what are the three factors that influence a response to an adrenergic agonist? |
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Definition
a) predominant receptor population
b)the agonist used
c) compensatory reflexes |
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Term
| alpha drug- phenylephrine. what is it used for? |
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Definition
| nasal decongestant- selective stimulation of a1 receptors on blood vessels of the nasal mucosa cause vasoconstriction, decreasing blood volume. |
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Term
| alpha adrenergic agonist EPI, levonordefrin what is it used for? |
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Definition
| prolongation of anesthetic effects- vasocontstriction- decreases redistribuition of local anesthetic |
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Term
| unspecified alpha adrenergic agonists- two uses |
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Definition
1) local hemostasis
2) gingival retraction |
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Term
| beta adrenergic agonist isoproterenol- what is it used for |
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Definition
| to treat bronchospasm and bronchial asthma- B2 pathway causes relaxation of bronchial smooth m. and stimulates mast cells by inhibiting their release of histamine |
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Term
| Alpha and beta adrenergic agonist epinephrine is used for what? |
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Definition
anaphylactic shock-
1) a1 receptors reverse drop in blood pressure
2) b2 receptors fight against histamine induced bronchoconstriction
3) b1 receptors counderact cardiodepression |
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Term
cholinergic actions-
1) EYE
2)HEART
3)BLOOD VESSELS
4)LUNG
5)SALIVARY GLANDS |
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Definition
1) radical m- nothing
iris sphincter- contraction (miosis)
ciliary m. contraction (near vision)
2)SA Node- decrease heart rate
atria- decrease contractility, decrease conduction velocity
AV Nodal system- decrease conduction velocity, close AV gate
ventricles- decrease contractility, decrease conduction velocity
3)blood vessels- skeletal m.- dilation
salivary glands- dilation
4)bronchial muscle- contraction
5)salivary gland- profuse, watery secretion |
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Term
epi responses
1)eye
2)heart
3)blood vessels
4)lung
5)salivary glands |
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Definition
1) radial m.- contraction (mydriasis)
sphincter- none
ciliary m. - relax- far vision
2)SA Node- increase heart rate
atria - increase contractility, increase conduction velocity
AV nodal system- increase conduction velocity, open AV gate
ventricles- increase contractility
increase conduction velocity
3)blood vessels-
skeletal muscles- constriction and dilation
salivary glands-constriction
4)bronchial muscle- relaxation
5)salivary glands- thick, viscous secretion |
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Term
| cholinergic nerve terminal- biosynthesis |
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Definition
simple process occuring within the cytoplasm of the nerve
choline acetylase- catalyzes the transfer of the acetyl group from acetyl-coa to choline |
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Term
| rate limiting step in cholinergic nerve terminal |
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Definition
| choline actively transported into the nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| acetylcholine is actively transported into vesicles in the nerve varicosities |
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Term
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Definition
| depolarization of the varicosity causes an increase in intracellular Ca++ which facilitates the movement and coalescence of storage vesicles with the nerve membrane- exocytosis proceeds releaseing the ach into the neuroeffector junction |
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Term
| termination of Ach release |
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Definition
all ACh released from nerve terminals is RAPIDLY hydrolyzed into acetate and choline by AChesterase which is embedded in the effector cell membrane
ACh reaching the blood can by hydrolysed by butyrylcholinesterase that is found free in the plasma |
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Term
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Definition
mimic responses seen when nicotine applied to autonomic ganglia.
these receptors predominate on the cell bodies and dendrites of all postganglionic nerves and on the neuromuscular endplates of all skeletal muscles |
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Term
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Definition
receptors that mediate responses similar to those seen with the administeration of muscarine
these receptors dominate on the postjunctional membranes of all effector cells innervated by postganglionic, cholinergic nerves (sympathetic (blood vessels of skeletal muscles) and parasympathetic) |
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Term
| describe Loewi's experiment with frog hearts |
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Definition
| Loewi took a frog heart and hooked it up to a chymograph so that everytime is went up and down it scratched on a piece of paper- perfused it with saline. He teased out the vagus nerve and hooked it to electrodes so he could stimulate the vagus. He then put a funnel which caught fluid from the first heart and put it on a second heart. When he stimulated the vagus of the first heart and it slowed down, the second heart would slow down- proved chemical transmission!!!! |
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Term
| which autonomic system is mainly responsible for homeostasis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the major role of SNS: it is involved int he moment to moment physiological adjustments necessary for normal functioning. It predominates over the PSNS. Is esp. important for CV system! |
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Term
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Definition
| sns can exhibit unit firing! generalized activation of all componenets of the SNS- nerves/adrenal medulla. galvanizes the body for action in order to respond to a stressful situation. |
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Term
| A1 receptors are found where |
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Definition
Iris- radial m.
BV of skeltal m.- least common
BV of salivary m.
Salivary glands |
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Term
| B1 receptors are found where |
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Definition
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Term
| B2 receptors are found where? |
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Definition
| ciliary m. of eye, BV of skeletal muscle- most common, bronchial m. |
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Term
| biosynthesis of NE and E- starting blocks? |
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Definition
| amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine derived from food and actively transported into nerves from the blood |
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Term
| what is the rate limiting step of NE and E biosynthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| what upregulates tyrosine hydorxylase and DBH? |
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Definition
| cortisol- ties together steroids and SNS |
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Term
| 40% of NE is located where in the nerve varicosity |
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Definition
| Mobile Pool #1- free molecules floating in the axoplasm |
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Term
| Why did Loewe's frog heart speed up sometimes when vagus was stimulated? |
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Definition
| it depended on whether the heart was under parasympathetic control (hibernation) or sympathetic control |
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Term
| where is the rest of NE that is not in mobile pool number 1 located? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| similar to release of Ach- depolarization increases intracellular Ca ++ - movement and coalescence of storage granules with nerve membrane- exocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| in adrenergic nerve endings- it is the release of complete content of granules- NE ATP AND DBH |
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Term
| where is tyrosine hydroxylase located? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
a highly specific transporter protein actively transports NE from the junction back into cytoplasm of the varicosity
NE is then repackaged into granules by active transport proteins OR
metabolized by MAO in the mitochondria |
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Term
| which is a more common fate of Ne that has been reuptaken in the nerve varicosity? |
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Definition
| repackaging into granules more than into metabolized by MAO |
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Term
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Definition
| vesicles released with no content from NE varicosity |
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Term
| does mobile pool #1 ever leak? |
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Definition
| yes- usually not enough to cause a response |
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Term
| how do the actions of NE ultimately end? |
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Definition
| the conc. gradient reverses as it is taken back up by the varicosity |
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Term
| what happens to exogenous epi released from the adrenal medullad and exogenous NE |
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Definition
| transmitters are metabolized by Catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT) |
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Term
| describe the reversal of the conc gradient of exogenous NE and epi in the blood |
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Definition
| as hepatic metabolism of transmitter molecules increases the blood levels decrease and there is a shift in direction of the concentration gradient away from receptors back to the blood- action ends. |
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