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pharm sci final
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Pharmacology
Graduate
11/10/2009

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Term
dispersed systems
Definition
one part dispersed in another part.
Term
suspensions
Definition
Solids-solid, liq-solid, solid-liq, gas-liq
Term
adsorb
Definition
to collect (a gas, liquid, or dissolved substance) in condensed form on a surface
Term
dipsersed medium: gases
Definition
can be gas-liq (liquid aerosol) or gas-solid (solid aerosol). but not gas-gas because all gases are soluble
Term
dispersed medium: liquid
Definition
liq-gas (foam), liq-liq (emulsion), liq-solid (solid)
Term
dispersed medium: solid
Definition
sol-gas (solid foam), sol-liq (gel), sol-sol.
Term
disperse systems classes: molecule
Definition
size: < 1nm. ex: oxygen molecules
Term
disperse systems classes: colloidal & disperson
Definition
.5um to 1.0 um. ex: colloidal Ag sols, milk
Term
disperse systems classes: coarse dispersion suspensions
Definition
size: >.5 um. RBC, pharmaceutical emulsions.
Term
kinetic properties of colloids:
Definition
brownian motion, duffusion, osmotic pressure, sedimentation, viscostiy.
Term
random walk
Definition
model fo movement of a particle that is under the influence of random or stochastic mechanism. ex: diffusion, brownian motion
Term
Brownian Motion
Definition
erratic motion observed with particles up to 5um. bombardment of the particles of the dispersion medium is responsible for the broanian motion. velocity of the particle increases with decrease particle size.
Term
diffusion
Definition
particle diffuse spontaneously from a region of higher concentratino to one of lower concentration until the concentration of the system is uniform through out. direct result of brownian movement.
Term
osmosis
Definition
when particles can't diffuse through the system because of the presence of a semi-permeable membrane, the solvent molecule will move from the lower concentration of the solute to the higher concentration: II = cRT
Term
diffusion v. osmosis
Definition
diffusion: movement of solute together with solvent.
osmosis: movement of solvent molecules
Term
density
Definition
important factor of disperse systems. it is possible to manipulate the density of the dispersion medium by adding nonionic substances.
Term
rheology
Definition
rheo = flow. logos = science.
rheology describes the flow of liquids and the deformation of solids. involved in: mixing, flow of materials, packaging into containers, removal prior to use.
Term
classification of materials according to the types of flow:
Definition
newtonian systems (water, ethanol, benzene)(measured in poise) or non-newtonian systems (colloidal solutions, emulsions, suspensions, ointments)
Term
3 classes of non-newtonian flow
Definition
plastic, pseudoplastic, dilatant
Term
plastic flow
Definition
presence of yield value. associated with the presence of flocculated particles in concentrated suspensions. more flocculated, the higher the yield value
Term
pseudoplastic flow
Definition
natural and synthetic gums. ex: methylcellulose, sodium alginate. aka the shear-thinning systems. are polymers in solution
Term
dilatant flow
Definition
certain suspensions with a high percentage of dispersed solids exhibit an increase in the resistance to flow with increasing rates of shear.
dilatant = increase volume. aka shear-thickening systems. high concentration of small, deflocculated particles.
Term
surface tension
Definition
the magnitude of the force acting perpendicular to the unit length of a line in the surface. in gamma. the tension that exists between a liquid and the atmosphere in known as the surface tension. the tension that exists at the interface between two immiscible liquids is known as the interface tension.
Term
factors that affect surface tension
Definition
1. increase temp (decrease surface tension) 2. add surface active agents (decrease surface tension)
Term
surface-actice agents, aka surfactants
Definition
molecule that preferentially absorb at an interface (see: solid/liquie froth flotation, liq/gas foams, or liq/liq emulsions). significantly alter interfacial free energy (work needed to create or expand interface/unit area). surface free energy of interface minimized by reducing interfacial area. amphiphillic nature- adsorb at interfaces.
Term
surface active agent aggregation
Definition
increase concentration = aggregation occurs. the aggregates are called "micelles" when it contains 50 or more monomers. the concentration at which micelles form is called CRITCAL MICELLE CONCENTRATION (CMC). surface tension decreases and then remains constant after CMC.
Term
CMC
Definition
below CMC only unimers are present. above CMC there are micelles in equilibrium with unimers.
Term
surfactant structure
Definition
amphipathic. tail is hydrophobic (little affinity for bulk solvent. usually hydrocarbon chain. linear or branched) head is hydrophilic (strong affinity for bulk solvent. can be neutral or charged).
Term
various supramolecule aggregates
Definition
unimers, spherical, cylindrical, bilayer lamella, reverse micelles, inverted hexagonal. form in this order and water content decreases
Term
hydrophilic-lyophilic balance
Definition
the HLB of a surfactant reflects its partitioning behavior between a polar (water) and nonpolar (oil) medium. strongly hydrophilic: HLB --> 40. strongly lyophilic surfactant: HLB --> 1. HLB dependant upon characteristics of polar and nonpolar groups.
Term
3 classifications of sruface active agents
Definition
anionic, cationic, nonionic. based on HLB values and uses. depending on the number and nature of the polar and nonpolar groups present, the amphiphile may be predominantly hydrophillic or lipophillic or reasonably well balanced.
Term
HLB scale and classification
Definition
1-3 = most antifoaming agents. 3-6 = w/o emulsifying afents. 7-9 = wetting and spreading agents. 8-16 = o/w emulsifying agents. 13-15 = detergents. 16-18 solublizing agent.
Term
dispersed systems
Definition
consists of particulate matter (dispersed phase) distributed through a continuous or dispersion medium. classification based on size: molecular dispersion, colloidal dispersions, and coarse dispersions.
Term
molecular dispersion
Definition
less that 1.0 nm. ex: oxygen molecules, glucose, ordinary ions. particles invisible to microscope, undergo rapid diffusion. pass thru ultrafilter and semipermeable membrane.
Term
colloidal dispersion
Definition
1.0 nm to .5 um. ex: colloidal silver sols, natural and synthetic polymers, sponge cake, fog, butterfly wings. particles visible in electron microscope. do not pass semipermeable membrane, diffuse very slowly.
Term
coarse dispersion
Definition
greater than .5 um. ex: grains of sand, emulsions, suspensions, RBC. visible under microscope. do not dialize thru semipermeable membrane. particles do not diffuse.
Term
application of colloids: hydrogels and micorparticles
Definition
liposomes, micelles, nanoparticles, nanocrystals, hydrogels (wound healing, tissue angering, sustained-release delivery) and microparticles (carriers for vaccines and anticancer drugs, target drug delivery, improve immunization by mucosal administration)
Term
liposomes
Definition
microscopic spherical vesicles that form when phospholipids are hydrated. arrange themselves in cheets (heads up and tails down). sheets join tail to tail to form bilayer membrane. have been evaluated as delivery system for drugs, vitamins, and cosmetic materials.
Term
colloids
Definition
partiles of one susbtance are spread out, or dispersed, in another susbtance. spread-out partivles are in small clumps which are bigger than a solution but smaller than a suspension.
Term
dialysis
Definition
process where solvent and other small molecules can pass thru a membrane. similar to osmosis but the holes in the membrane are larger. even hydrated ions can pass thru. in hemodialysis an isotonic solution is used to prevent loss of important electrolytes and glucose
Term
type of colloidal systems
Definition
lyophilic: colloidal particles interact with dispersion medium simply by dissolving the material in solvents lyophobic: colloid particle has little attraction for the dispersed medium. meed special methors to prepare (dispersion of condensation method)
association: amphiphilic molecules (surfactants) aggregate to form supermolecular structure
Term
lyophilic colloids
Definition
solvent loving, owing to their affinity for the dipsersion medium, such materials form colloidal dispersions. can be hydrophilic (acacia or gelatin) or lipophilic (rubber or polystyrene).
Term
lyophobic colloids
Definition
little attraction for solvents (solvent hating). generally composed of inorganic particles dispersed in water. necessary to use special methods to prepare. ex: gold, silver, sulfur.
Term
method of preparations
Definition
dispersion methods (core particles are reduced in size of colloids). condensation methods (are cuased to aggregate into particles of colloidal size range). ultrasonic generators (frequencies in excess of 20,000). productin of an electrical arc. vapor condensation (forms colloids). and milling and grinding (mills are less efficient)
Term
micelles
Definition
referred to as association colloids since they are aggregates of surfactant molecules and are colloidal in size. upon addition of surfactant to water, the overall concentration rises until 2 limits are reached: maximum solubility fo the monomer in water and saturation of the interface. can self assemble to shield hydrophobic parts
Term
more micelles
Definition
if concentration is sufficiently high, surfactants can form aggregates in aqueous solution (ie: micelles). typically spheroidal particles of 2.5-6 nm in diameter. onset of micellization observed by sudden change in measured properties of solution at characteristic surfactatnt concentration, ie CMC
Term
faraday-tyndall effect
Definition
when a strong beam of light is passed through a colloidal sol, a visible cone resulting from scattering by the colloidal particles, is formed. can determine the molecular weight. obtain info on the diffusion coefficient, shape and size of colloidal particles.
Term
kinetics-diffusion 3 main rules
Definition
1. the velocity of molecules increases with decreasing particle size.
2. the velocity of the molecules increases with increasing temp
3. the velocity of molecules decrease with increasing of the medium viscosity.
Term
stability of colloid systems
Definition
thermodynamicall unstable. stabilized only by the presence of electric charges (a small amount of electrolyte). a large amount of electrolytes leads to coagulation and sedimentation
Term
sedimentation and solubility
Definition
sedimentation may result in "salting out" with sufficient salt. from highest to lowest precipitation power: citrate, tartrate, sulfate, acetate, cloride, nitrate, bromide, iodide.

alcohol and acetone can decrease the solubility of hydrophilic sol
Term
stable system--phase seperation: 2 ways
Definition
1. stable to flocculation to coagulation to sedimentation to phase seperationg.
2. stable to sedimentation to flocculation to coagulation to phase separation.
Term
pharmaceutical important of emulsions
Definition
lipid emulsions provide an alternative formulation form for the following drugs: sparingly soluble, hydorgphic, and iolizable drugs.
Term
advantages of emulsions
Definition
provides a solubilized drug for oral, parenteral and intraarticular administration. enhances drug absorption and bioavailability, increase therapeutic efficacy, eliminate adverse injection site reactions, clinically accepted and successfully marketed.
Term
Diazepam- Benzodiazepine
Definition
conventional prep for iv administration in non-aqeous solvent cause pain on injection and thrombophlebitis. diazepam emulsion, no pain or thrombophlebitis is experienced
Term
tazanes
Definition
anti-tumor agents. indicated for ovarian, breast, and non0small cell lung cancer. difficultly in formulating i.v. dosage form due to poor aqeuous solibility. causes allergic reaction upon injection. precipitation on aqeous dilution
Term
emulsion
Definition
a thermodynamicall unstable system consisting of at least 2 immiscible liquid phases, one of which is dispersed as globules (dispersed phase) in the other liquid phase (continuous phase). stabilized by presence of an emulsifying agent. either phase may range in consistency from a mobile liquid to semisolid. thus, emulsified systems range from lotions to ointments and creams.
Term
emulsification
Definition
shear rates are necessary for dispersion of the internal phase into fine droplets. the shear forces are opposed by forces operating to resis distortion and subsequent breakup of the droplet. surfacactants help greatly by lowering interfacial tension, the primary reversible component resisting droplet distortion. they also may play an important role in determining whether and oil-in-water (o/w) or water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion
Term
oil in water emulsion
Definition
O/W. when the oil phase is dispersed as globules throughout an aqeous continuous phase, the system is refered to as o/w. medicinal emulsions for oral administration of water-insoluble liquids.. require use of an o/w emulsifying agent. (acacia, gelating)
Term
water in oil emulsion
Definition
w/o. when the oil phase serves as the continuous phase, the emulsion is spoken of as a w/o product. used almost exclusively for external application.
Term
methods of analysis: Dye method
Definition
water-soluble dye is dusted on the surface of the emulsion. if water is external phase (ie: o/w) dye will dissolved. if w/o particles of dye will be clumped.
Term
methods of analysis: dilution of continuous medium
Definition
if emulsion mixes freely with the water, it is of the o/w type
Term
methods of analysis: electrical conductance method
Definition
a current will pass through the emulsion and can be made to deflect a voltemeter or cause light in o/w where external phase is water. if oil is continuous phase, the emulsiong fails to carry the current.
Term
i.v. pharmaceutical applications of emulsion
Definition
when the emulsion is administered intravenously, the droplets are normally rapidly taken up by the wells the reticuloendothelial system (macrophages of theliver). rate of clearance by the macrophages increases as the droplet size becomes larger, or the surface area charge (+ or -) increases.
Term
theories of emulsification
Definition
it should be capable of explaining: the stability of the product and the type of emulsion formed.
Term
cohesive and adhesive forces in emulsification
Definition
failure of 2 immiscible liquids to remain mixed is explained by the cohesive force betwen the molecules of each spearate liquid is greater than the adhesive force between the two liquids.

when one liquid is broken into small particles, the interfacial area of the globules consistitutes a surface that is enormous compared with the surface area of the original liquid.
Term
3 groups of emulsifying agents
Definition
1. surface active agents - are adsorbed at oil-water interfaces to form monomolecular films and reduce interfacial tension
2- hydrophillic colloids- form multi-molucelar film around the dispersed droplets of oil in an o/w emulsion.
3. finely divided solid particles - are adsorbed at the interface between two immiscible liquid phases and form a film of particles around the dispersed globules. the common factor is formation of a film (monomolecular, multi-molecular, or particulate)
Term
monomolecular adsorption
Definition
surface-active agents, or amphiphiles, reduce interfacial tension because of their adsorption at the oil-water interface to form monomolecular films. significance is the fact that the dispersed droplets are surrounded by a coherent monolayer that helps to prevent coalescence between two droplets as they approach one another. also promting stability is the presence of a surface charge, which will cause repulsion between adjacent particles.
Term
multi-molecular adsorption and film formation
Definition
hydrated lyophilic colloids have been used for many years as emulsifying agents. they differ from the synthetic surface-active ageents in that 1. they do not cause appreciable lowering of interfacial tension and 2. they form a multi rather than monomolecular film at the interface
Term
HLB of emulsifying agent
Definition
the type of emulsion that is produced (o/w or w/o) depends primarily on the property of the emulsifyin agent. HLB is referred to as the poar non-polar nature of the emulsifier. In general, o/w emulsions are formed when the HLB of the emulsifier is within the range of about 9 to 12. w/o is 3 to 6.
Term
physical stability of emulsion
Definition
in the light of these considerations, the instability of pharmaceutical emulsions may be classified: floc and creaming, coalexcence and breaking, miscellaneous physical and chemical changes, phase inversion
Term
micro-emulsion
Definition
they appear as clear transparent solutions. may not be thermodynamically stable. somewhere between thermodynamically stable solubilized solutions and ordinary emulsions (unstable). droplets of oil in water or droplets of water in oil.
Term
micor-emulsion formulation
Definition
emulsifying adjunct or co-surfactant is used in prep of microemulsions. the surfactant and co-surfactant molecules form an adsorbed film on the micro-emulsion particles to prevent coalescence.
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