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| The study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes |
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| the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems |
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Study of the biochemical and physiologic effect of drugs and their mechanism of action
The actions of the drug on the body |
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o The actions of the body on the drug
o Involves absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME) |
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| The study of genetic variations that cause differences in response among individuals or populations |
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| pharmacogenomics(pharmacogenetics) |
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| insertion of appropriate healthy gene into somatic cells |
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| the component of a cell or organism that interacts with a drug. It initiates the chain of biochemical events leading to the drug's observed effect. Plays a regulatory role in the drug molecule interaction with specific molecules in the biological system. |
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molecule that binds to a receptor.
involved in chemical signaling
ex- neurotransmitter, hormone, drug, messenger molecule |
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| drug that is synthesized within the body |
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| drug that is made of chemicals outside the body |
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poisons of biologic origin
harmful effects |
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drugs bind to and activate the receptor
directly or indirectly brings about the effect |
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| binds to the receptor and prevents binding by other molecules |
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| the penetration of a permeate(liquid, gas or vapor) through a solid |
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aqueous diffusion
lipid diffusion
transport by special carries
endocytosis and pinocytosis |
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-occurs within the larger aqueous compartments of the body
-across epithelial membrane junctions
-through aqueous pores of the enodothelial lining of blood vessels
(between the blood an dextravascular space)
-governed by Fick's Law |
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-most important limiting factor for drug permeation is lipid barriers
-the ability to move from aqueous to lipid (or lipid to aqueous) varies on the pH of the medium
-governed by Fick's law |
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-multidurg-resistance type 1 (MDRI) transporter
-also known as P-glycoprotein
-cancer drug resistance in GI tract epithelium
-found in the brain,testes, other tissues and some neoplastic cells
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-Involves passive diffusion of molecules down a concentration gradient
-quantifies "common sense" relationships
-drug absorption occurs faster from organs with large surface area (large intestine)vs. organs with small absorbing areas (stomach)
-drug absorption is faster from organs with thin membrane barriers (lungs) than from those with thick membranes (skin) |
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-excretion
-weak acids are usually excreted faster in alkaline urine
-most drugs are freely filtered in the glomerulus but lipid-soluble drugs can be rapidly reabsorbed
-If overdosed on weak acid drug, giving bicarb. will speed up excretion |
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• Weak acids are usually excreted faster in alkaline urine
-Weak bases are usually excreted faster in acidic urine
-Other fluids where pH can cause “trapping” include stomach, small intestine, breast milk, aqueous humor, vaginal and prostatic secretions |
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| -The component of a cell or organism that interacts with a drug and initiates the chain of biochemical events leading to the drug's observed effect |
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-largely determine the quantitative relationships between dose or concentration of drug and pharmacologic effects
-are responsible for selectivity of drug action, size, shape,electrical charge, mediate the action of both pharmacologic agonists and antagonists
-regulatory proteins
-mediates the actions of endogenous chemical channels
-mediates the effects of many of the most useful therapeutic agents |
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may be inhibited or activated by binding to a drug
-ex. dihydrofolate reductase is targeted by MTX |
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