Term
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Definition
| Prolongs activation of Na channels to treat partial seizures and generalized seizures; can inhibit and induce CYP enzymes; toxicity causes gingival hyperplasia, teratogenic |
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Term
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Definition
| Inactivates Na channels and NE release; DOC for partial seizures; causes trigeminal neuralgia; also a CYP inducer; toxicity is blood dyscrasias |
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Term
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Definition
| Blocks Na channels and potentiates GABA receptors to be used to treat partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures; toxicities are myopia/glaucoma and teratogenic |
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Term
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Definition
| Inactivates Na channels to treat partial seizures and for bipolar disorder; toxicities are Stevens-Johnson |
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Term
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Definition
| Prolongs opening of GABA and inhibits glutamate; used for sedation and partial seizures, generalized seizures; CI in porphyria |
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Term
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Definition
| May augment GABA release, inhibits glutamate release; used for neuropathic pain and bipolar, seizures; no drug interactions because excreted by kidney directly; side effects are sleepiness, weight gain |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds, inhibits synaptic vesicular protein; used to treat seizures, myoclonic, partial and generalized; few drug interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits GABA uptake and enhances GABA activity; used for partial seizures |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits GABA transaminase to decrease GABA metabolism; used for seizures; visual field problems |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduces Ca current in thalamic neurons; DOC for absence seizures; interacts with valproic acid; toxicities are gastric mucosa irritation, improved by decreasing dose; hiccups, euphoria |
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Term
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Definition
| Blocks repetative firing neurons; blocks Na channels; enhances GABA and inhibits NMDA receptors; second choice for absence seizures; used for all types of seizures, mixed disorders; used for bipolar disorder; toxic so taken after meals; interacts with other drugs; toxicity is GI sxs, weight gain, hepatotoxicity, teratogenic |
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Term
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Definition
| Benzodiazepine to enhance GABA inhibition; used for absence seizures and myoclonic seizures; teratogenic |
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Term
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Definition
| Enhance GABA activity; IV DOC for status epilepticus to cause sedation; teratogenic |
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Term
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Definition
| GABA agonist; long-acting; used as a sedative and anxiolytic; barbituate; CI in porphyria; addictive; induces CYP; may be cleared by urine alkalinization and diuresis |
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Term
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Definition
| Barbituate; GABA agonist that is extremely short acting, used for anesthesia; CI in porphyria |
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Term
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Definition
| Benzodiazapine that is a GABA agonist; only acts when GABA is present, so less dangerous than barbituates; used for anxiety, muscle relaxation, as an anticonvulsant; Cimetidine lengthens half life; CI in kids and pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| Benzo GABA agonist used as an anticonvulsant for status epilepticus; pts must be tapered off to avoid severe withdrawal symptoms; conjugated to inactive metabolites |
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Term
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Definition
| Longer acting benzo used as a hypnotic with some next day hangover |
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Term
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Definition
| Benzo give IV for anesthesia and also causes anterograde amnesia; very short half life |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypnotic, benzo used to get people to sleep but short acting, so may cause rebound insomnia; has active metabolites |
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Term
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Definition
| Long half life benzo used to taper withdrawal from alcohol and barbs; prevents seizures and DTs; converted to desmethyldiazepam, an active metabolite |
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Term
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Definition
| GABA antagonist, competes with benzos; used in benzo overdose; used to reverse effects of midazolam in surgery; can trigger withdrawal and seizures; CI with seizure disorders, or in barb or tricyclic antidepressant overdose |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds BZ1 subtype of benzodiazapine receptor; sedation with little or no anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant properties; high margin of safety; very short half life, strong and rapid effect; side effects GI symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds to BZ1 subtype benzo receptor; drug with even shorter half life than the other BZ1; strong, rapid sedative effect |
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Term
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Definition
| Sedative less that acts on GABA receptors; less selective than BZ1 subtype receptor agonists; used for long-term treatment of insomnia |
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Term
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Definition
| Melatonin agonist; used for sedation; additive sedation with alcohol and hypnotics; may increase serum prolactin and decreases testosterone; CI in severe liver disease |
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Term
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Definition
| First drug as anxiolytic without any sedative effects; acts on 5-HT1 receptor to decrease 5-HT release; takes 2 weeks to have effect; very low addiction potential; CI in pts taking and MAOI |
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Term
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Definition
| Acts on GABA receptor to cause sedation; converted to trichloroethanol; used for children in pediatric dental procedures and for low income patients; low margin of safety; tolerance and dependence may occur |
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Term
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Definition
| Herbal sedatives that are mild anxiolytics and are CI in pregnancy due to liver toxicity |
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Term
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Definition
| Increases DA levels to treat Parkinson's disease; N/V effects; requires high doses to get into CNS; add Carbidopa to inhibit DA decarboxylase; taken 3-4 times/day; causes dyskinesias, depression, arrythmias; works for 3-4 years; interacts with MAO-AI and Pyridoxine (B6); CI in psychosis, closed angle glaucoma, peptic ulcers, melanoma |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreases DA decarboxylase, used to treat Parkinson's disease; rapidly absorbed; works for 3-4 years; used with L-dopa; taken 3-4 times/day; causes dyskinesias, depression, arrythmias |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits MAO-B but NOT MAO-A, which leads to increased DA in synapse; not used as monotherapy but combined with L-dopa; causes insomnia, HTN; CI with meperidine, TCA or SSRIs |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to treat on-off phenomenon to rescue pts from off period of Parkinson's treatment; DA agonist; causes nausea, so give antiemetics prior to introduction, but not ones that affect the 5-HT or DA systems |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits COMT to increase DA in brain to treat Parkinson's; not used as monotherapy; orange colored urine |
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Term
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Definition
| DA receptor agonists used to treat Parkinson's; ergot derivatives; can cause vasospasms, erythromelalgia |
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Term
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Definition
| Newer DA receptor agonists; monotherapy in mild Parkinson's; R one used for restless leg syndrome; causes N/V, postural HTN, arrhythmias, dyskinesia, erythromelalgia |
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Term
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Definition
| Increases DA transmission; used to treat tremors and mild or early Parkinson's; cause livedo reticularis, red/blue spotting of skin; causes edema, psychosis and convulsions |
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Term
| Benztropine, Biperiden, Procyclindine, Trihexiphenidyl |
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Definition
| Muscarinic receptor antagonists to re-establish DA/ACh balance; improves rigidity and tremor but not bradykinesia |
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Term
| Tetrabenzine and reserpine |
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Definition
| Decrease DA to treat Huntington's disease |
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Term
| Donepezil, Rivastigmine, Galantamine, Tacrine |
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Definition
| Increase amount of ACh in nerve terminal and synapse as cholinesterase inhibitors; used to treat Alzheimer's; cause N/V, diarrhea; D once a day, delays Alzheimer's impairment by 1-2 years |
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Term
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Definition
| NMDA antagonist; used to treat Alzheimer's; causes GI effects may reduce neurotoxic effect of glutamate; CI with meperidine, may increase side effects of L-dopa |
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Term
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Definition
| GABAb agonist; used as a muscle relaxant; opens K channels and closes Ca channels to cause cell hyperpolarization and decreased NT transmission; less sedating than Diazepam and can be given intrathecal |
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Term
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Definition
| a2 receptor agonist used as a muscle relaxant; inhibits pain transmission in dorsal horn; causes sedation, dry mouth, falls in elderly; similar to Clonidine |
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Term
| Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril), chlorzoxazone, metaxalone, methocarbamol, orphenadrine, chlorphenesin |
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Definition
| Muscle relaxants for acute muscle spasms; not very effective; Cy is antimuscarinic, causes sedation and confusion |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreases neuronal activity, used as a muscle relaxant; metabolized to meprobamate, similar to barbituate; chronic use induces liver enzymes; drug of abuse |
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Term
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Definition
| Decreases Ca release from sarcoplasmic reticulum; interferes with excitation-contraction coupling in muscle; used to treat malignant hyperthermia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits ACh release; small amounts locally to control muscle spasm following stroke or neurologic injury |
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Term
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Definition
| Sympathomimetics that mimic epinephrine; increased DA release from neurons in the brain; increases BP with initial refelx bradycardia, causes euphoria and excitement, weight loss; stereotypic behavior, repetative meaningless tasks; paranoia, delusions, hallucinations, psychosis; used to treat narcolepsy and ADD |
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Term
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Definition
| Smoked for fast effect; sympathomimetic and increases DA release; stimulant and addictive; causes dry mouth, poor dentition, psychosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Amphetamine that isn't a DA stimulant; lower addiction potential, does cause euphoria; induces CYP3A4 |
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Term
| Methylphenidate (Ritalin) |
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Definition
| Amphetamine used for narcolepsy and ADD; long-acting preparations usually used; decreases hyperactivity and improves attention |
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Term
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Definition
| Amphetamine that inhibits reuptake of NE; may increase BP; little addiction potential; causes nausea, anorexia, dizziness |
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Term
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Definition
| Amphetamine used historically to treat obesity; causes heart valve abnormalities |
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Term
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Definition
| Amphetamine used to treat obesity; not used anymore; increases BP |
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Term
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Definition
| Amphetamine used to treat obesity historically; causes pulmonary HTN |
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Term
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Definition
| Blocks adenosine receptors and inhibits PDE to increase cAMP; causes slight cardiac stimulation; used to treat HA by constricting cerebral BVs; bronchodilator; causes alertness, diuresis; has withdrawal; good for liver |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase, causing increased acetaldehyde; nausea and headache, flushing upon ingestion of alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| Blocks opioid receptor, decreasing craving for alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| Restores balance in GABA and glutamate by increasing GABA effects; increases abstinence in alcoholics |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to treat ethylene glycol and methanol poisoning; antagonist of ADH |
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Term
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Definition
| Tricyclic amine that inhibits reuptake of NE and 5HT; long half life because broken down to active metabolites; more sedating in unmetabolized form; treats depression, pain, panic disorder, fibromyalgia, ADHD; 2-3 weeks to see effects; inhibits a, histamine and muscarinic receptors w/ concomitant effects; serotonin syndrome with other antidepressants |
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Term
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Definition
| Monoamine oxidase inhibitor; used to treat depression; side effects are HTN crisis with tyramine, weight gain, orthostatic hypotension |
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Term
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Definition
| Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor; used to treat depression, panic disorder (DOC), OCD, social anxiety, alcoholism, bulimia, children and teens (suicide risk); takes 2-3 weeks to develop; causes weight loss, sexual dysfunction, SIADH; metabolized by CYP; long lasting |
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Term
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Definition
| Fast onset SSRI; used to treat depression and 5 other diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| Short duration of action SSRI with fewer side effects; treats depression and 5 other diseases |
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Term
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Definition
| Selective NE and Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor; long duration of action; more side effects than SSRIs; causes increased BP, GI sxs, SIADH |
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Term
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Definition
| SNRI that is more effective at treating depression than SSRIs; improves pain sxs too; causes liver damage and CI in pregnancy third trimester; metabolized by CYP |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits reuptake of DA and NE; used to treat depression as well as quit smoking and treat ADHD; combined with SSRIs to increase effectiveness and decrease sexual dysfunction; causes anxiety, insomnia, GI, weight loss, seizures |
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Term
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Definition
| Partial agonist of 5HT1a?; used to treat depression and pain management; causes sedation and priapism |
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Term
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Definition
| Herbal supplement that may block the reuptake of NE, DA, 5HT; induces CYP enzymes, causes increased sensitivity to sun; CI with MAOIs, SSRIs, TCAs, L-dopa, Selegiline can cause serotonin syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| Blocks a2 receptors that inhibit NE and 5HT release, increasing NE and 5HT; also inhibits 5HT2a and 5HT3 to decrease sexual dysfunction side effects; causes drowsiness due to histamine blockade and weight gain |
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Term
| Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) |
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Definition
| Blocks DA receptors in the cortex, limbic system, and nigrostriatal tract; this causes sedation and decrease in psychosis in schizophrenia; also used to treat nausea and as a pre-anesthetic and for alcoholic hallucinations; causes prolongation of QT and decreases seizure threshold; also causes EPS and TD and neuroleptic malignant syndrome; also blocks a1, muscarinic, and histamine receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| Blocks D2 receptors to treat schizophrenia; used in acute psychosis and most likely to cause EPS |
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Term
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Definition
| Blocks D2, D4, and 5HT2a receptors to treat the negative sxs of schizophrenia, first line; also used to treat bipolar; causes weight gain and can cause DMII |
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Term
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Definition
| Blocks D2 and 5HT2a receptors to treat schizophrenia, first line; also enhances DA transmission in basal ganglia, so fewer EPS; paliperidone is active metabolite; most likely to lengthen QT interval; |
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Term
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Definition
| Partial agonist of 5HT1a and D2 receptors and antagonist of 5HT2a receptors; also blocks a1 and histamine receptors; side effects are orthostatic hypotension, increased blood glucose, decreased motility of esophagus |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to treat bipolar disorder; competes for resorption of Na in proximal tubule, so will cause hypernatremia; slow onset; keep below 2 mEq/L; decrease in Na, thiazides, and NSAIDs cause increased action; causes tremor, HA, decreased thyroid function, nephrogenic DI, weight gain |
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Term
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Definition
| Tricyclic amine, secondary amine with less sedation potential and more effect on NE; inhibits reuptake of NE and 5HT |
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Term
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Definition
| Short duration SSRI that is DOC for social anxiety, OCD; used in elderly; more likely to cause sedation; CI in pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits NE reuptake; treats depression and first non-stimulant used to treat ADHD |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits DA receptors in the brain to treat schizophrenia; a phenothiazine; less likely to cause EPS but causes retinal deposits |
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Term
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Definition
| DA blocker used to treat Tourette's syndrome specifically; high in EPS and causes EKG changes |
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Term
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Definition
| Blocks D4, 5HT2a receptors, as well as muscarinic, a1, and histamine receptors; used to treat negative sxs of schizophrenia; low incidence of EPS, but higher incidence of autonomic side effects; can cause agranulocytosis, so frequent blood checks required |
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Term
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Definition
| Blocks D2 and 5HT2a receptors to treat schizophrenia; has some antidepressant activity, for Tourette's and to treat mania; prolongs QT and can cause seizures and hyperprolactinemia |
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Term
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Definition
| Blocks D2 and 5HT2a receptors to treat schizophrenia, first line; side effects are only weight gain and drowsiness, NO SERIOUS side effects; used as monotherapy for bipolar |
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