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pharm midterm month 2 week 3
pharm midterm month 2 week 3
63
Pharmacology
Graduate
06/22/2018

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Cards

Term
class 1a antiarrhythmic drugs MOA and ex's
Definition
slows conduction velocity (less than class IC) and prolongs action potential duration
Disopyramide
Procainamide*
Quinidine
Term
class 1b antiarrhythmic drugs MOA and ex's
Definition
has no effect on conduction velocity and may shorten APD
Lidocaine*
Mexiletine
Phenytoin
Term
class 1c antiarrhythmic drugs MOA and esx's
Definition
slows conduction and may prolong APD (mild)
Flecainide
Propafenone
Term
class II antiarrhythmic drugs MOA and ex's
Definition
blocks beta adrenergic receptors
Beta blockers
Term
class III antiarrhythmic drugs MOA and ex's
Definition
prolongs APD and has no effect on conduction
Amiodarone
Dofetilide
Ibutilide*
Sotalol¶
Dronedarone
Term
2 types of sotalol
Definition
¶ l-sotalol has beta blocking and class III activities; d-sotalol is a pure class III agent. Commercially available sotalol is a racemic (equal part) mixture.
Term
class IV antiarrhythmic drugs MOA and ex's
Definition
calcium channel blockers
Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (verapamil and dilitiazem)
Term
[image]
Definition
[image]
Term
toxic ecg findings, 2 types of proarrythmias
Definition
[image]
Term
when to use rate vs rhythm control situations
Definition
[image]
Term
af rate control recommendations
Definition
[image]
Term
af rate control drugs classes and agents
Definition
[image]
Term
af rhythm control agents, interactions, advantages, adverse effects
Definition
[image]
[image]
Term
[image]
Definition
[image]
Term
vt/vf pharmacology best treatment and goals
Definition
• No RCT evidence in VT/VF of ↑ survival for 1° or 2° prevention
• Except beta blockers (metoprolol succinate, carvedilol)
Goal
• Control arrhythmias • Improve symptoms
Term
VF treatments table agents, receptors, physiologic effects, ADE
Definition
[image]
Term
has ADE
Cardiac: Hypotension,
bradycardia, AVB, TdP, slows VT below programmed ICD detection rate, increases defibrillation threshold
Other: Corneal microdeposits, thyroid abnormalities, ataxia, nausea, emesis, constipation, photosensitivity, skin discoloration, ataxia, dizziness, peripheral neuropathy, tremor, hepatitis, cirrhosis, pulmonary fibrosis or pneumonitis
Definition
Amidarone
Term
Has ADE
Cardiac : Bradycardia, hemodynamic collapse, AVB, sinus arrest Other: Delirium, psychosis, seizure, nausea, tinnitus, dyspnea, bronchospasm
Definition
Lidocaine
Term
Has ADE
Cardiac: HF, AVB
Other: Lightheaded, tremor, ataxia, paresthesias, nausea, blood dyscrasias
Definition
Mexiletine
Term
has ADE
Cardiac: Syncope, TdP,
AVB
Other: Dizziness,
diarrhea, nausea, esophagitis, emesis,
tinnitus, blurred vision,
rash, weakness, tremor; blood dyscrasias
Definition
Quinidine
Term
has ADE
Cardiac: Bradycardia, hypotension, HF, syncope, TdP
Other: Fatigue, dizziness, weakness, dyspnea, bronchitis, depression, nausea, diarrhea
Definition
Solatol
Term
Agents for VF
Definition
Amidarone, Lidocaine, Mexiletine, Quinidine, Solatol
Term
uses: VT, VF, PVC,
targets: INa, ICa, IKr, IK1, IKs, Ito,Beta receptor, Alpha receptor nuclear T3 receptor
effects: Sinus rate slowed
QRS prolonged
QTc prolonged
AV nodal refractoriness increased; increased DFT
Definition
Amidarone
Term
uses: VT, VF
target: INa
effect: No marked effect on most intervals: QTc can slightly shorten
Definition
Lidocaine
Term
uses: VT, VF, PVC,
has a role in patients with LQT3
target: INa
effects: No marked effect
on most intervals;
QTc can slightly shorten
Definition
Mexiletine
Term
uses: T, VF, (including short QT syndrome, Brugada)
targets: INa, Ito, IKr, M, Alpha receptor
effects: QRS prolonged QTc prolonged; increased DFT
Definition
quinidine
Term
uses: VT, VF, PVC
targets: IKr, Beta 1 and 2 receptor
effects: Sinus rate slowed
QTc prolonged
AV nodal refractoriness increased;
decreased DFT
Definition
sotalol
Term
sustained VT treatment algorithm and agents for each class
Definition
[image]
Term
VT treatment agents
Definition
Procainamide, Beta blockers, CCB
Term
use: VT
targets: INa, IKr
electrophysical effects: QRS prolonged QTc prolonged; increased DFT
ADE: Cardiac: TdP; AVB, hypotension and exacerbation of HFrEF Other: Lupus symptoms, diarrhea, nausea, blood dyscrasias
Definition
procainamide
Term
beta blocker electrophysical effects
Definition
Sinus rate slowed
AV nodal refractoriness increased
Term
beta blockers for VT that target beta1 only
Definition
acebutolol, atenolol, bisprolol, esmolol, metoprolol
Term
beta blockers for VT taht target beta 1 and 2
Definition
nadolol, propanolol
Term
beta blockers for VT that target beta1,2 and alpha
Definition
carvedilol
Term
ADE: bradycardia, hypotension, HF, fatigue, dizziness
Definition
beta blockers
Term
ADE: hypotension, edema, HF, AVB, bradycardia, headache, rash
Definition
Calcium channel blockers (Dilitazem, Verapamil)
Term
uses: VT (specifically RVOT, verapamil sensitive idiopathic LVT)
target: ICa-L
effects: Sinus rate slowed
PR prolonged
AV nodal conduction slowed
Definition
Verapamil, CCB
Term
uses: VT specifically RVOT,
idiopathic LVT
target: ICa-L
effects: Sinus rate slowed
PR prolonged
AV nodal conduction slowed
Definition
Dilitazem, CCB
Term
causes for QT prolongation and remedy
Definition
digoxin: digoxin ab's
medication induced torsades de pointes: iv magnesium sulfate, inc HR w atrial/ventricular pacing or isopreterenol, potassium repletion
sodium-channel blocker toxicity: discontinue medicine or reprogram device
-avoid QT prolongation medications in pts w congenital or acquired long QT syndrome
Term
Integrative Cardiovascular Control of Blood Flow, ways to regulate
Definition
• Autoregulation
• Active hypermia
• Reactive hyperemia
• Fluid regulation (RAA), baroreceptors (ADH)
• Autonomic nervous system
• Vasoactive compounds
• Baroreceptors
• Chemoreceptors
Term
Autoregulation
Definition
Autoregulation: In some tissues (kidneys, brain, heart, skeletal muscle), the arterioles can constrict or dilate in response to increased or decreased pressure in order to maintain constant blood flow.
-->
Myogenic hypothesis to explain autoregulation: Increased stretching of the arteriolar smooth muscle increases intracellular Ca2+ and hence contractility.
--> example
Afferent arteriole of the nephron constricts in response to raised pressure—this maintains constant flow rate in the nephron.
Term
active hyperemia and reactive hyperemia
Definition
Active hyperemia: Increased metabolic demand will stimulate vasodilation to increase blood flow (e.g., skeletal muscle during exercise).

Reactive hyperemia: Blood flow increases following occlusion to restore O2 levels—seen in coronary circulation.

---> (both lead to)
Metabolic hypothesis: Metabolites such as CO2, H+, lactate, and adenosine produced during high levels of cellular activity, or as a response to temporarily reduced blood flow, can induce vasodilation to promote blood flow.
---> (examples)
-Skeletal muscle and other tissues during high activity
-Coronary circulation after brief occlusion
Term
Vasoactive compounds integrative cardiovascular control
Definition
• Vasoactive compounds released locally
• Histamine and bradykinin dilate arterioles/constrict
venules to promote filtration and produce edema
• Serotonin constricts blood vessels at injury sites
• Prostaglandins can be vasodilators or vasoconstrictors
• ADH
Term
fluid regulation integrative cardiovacular control
Definition
• Reduced blood volume is detected by juxtaglomerular cells (RAA) and baroreceptors (ANS), while increased volume is sensed by cardiac atrial cells (ANP/BNP)
Term
ADH release, receptors, effects
Definition
• ADH release simulated by osmoreceptors
• ADH has three receptors: one in the kidney collecting ducts (V2) stimulates aquaporin insertion into membranes and water reabsorption
• ADH(a.k.a.vasopressin)released in response to low-pressure baroreceptors in the atria
• Receptor V1 is found in vascular smooth muscle and stimulates vasoconstriction
• V3 is in the pituitary gland and has less well understood functions in hormonal regulation
Term
ANS and cardiovascular control of blood flow
Definition
• Parasympathetic and sympathetic branches respond to information from a variety of sources to neuronally regulate dilation or constriction of arterioles in different tissues
• Sympathetic nervous system stimulates alpha and beta receptors and stimulates release of adrenaline from the adrenal gland
• Parasympathetic nervous system stimulates acetylcholine receptors—similar to but not the same as the neuromuscular junction
Term
baroreceptors
Definition
• Neurons in the atria, aorta, and carotid arteries that sense changes in blood volume by changes in pressure and relay to autonomic nervous system via the brainstem
Term
peripheral chemoreceptors
Definition
• Neurons in the aorta and carotid arteries that sense O2 levels; when O2 is decreased, these neurons stimulate vasoconstriction, decrease heart rate, and then increase oxygen intake
Term
central chemoreceptors
Definition
• Neurons in the brainstem sense changes in ventilation via changes in CO2 and H+; they stimulate sympathetic nervous system to increase total peripheral resistance, which can be very dangerous.
Term
effects of exercise
Definition
local responses: inc vasodilator metabolites -> dilation of skeletal muscle arterioles, dec TPR -> inc blood flow to skeletal muscle

Central command: inc sympathetic outflow, dec parasympathetic outflow (HR only) -> inc HR inc contractility inc CO, constriction of aretrioles (splanchnic and renal), constriction of veins and dec unstressed volume inc venous return -> inc blood flow to skeletal muscle
Term
central command
Definition
the brain,including higher cognitive and executive areas of the cerebral cortex, coordinates autonomic nervous system responses that stimulate vasoconstriction to visceral organs (excluding heart) and vasodilation in skeletal muscle; cardiac output increased, total peripheral resistance decreased—best of all possible worlds
Term
local control
Definition
as muscle metabolic rate increases during exercise, metabolites, including CO2, H+, lactate, and adenosine, are increased and these promote further vasodilation of skeletal muscle
Term
hemorrhage (dec Pa) leads to?
Definition
Baroreceptor reflex: inc sympathetic outflow -> inc HR inc Contractility inc CO, constriction of arterioles and inc TPR/ total peripheral resistantce, constriction of veins and dec unstressed volume(volume in veins) inc venous return -> inc Pa toward normal

Renin-Angiotensin II-Aldosterone: inc angiotensin II -> inc TPR, inc aldosterone->inc Na reabsorption->inc blood volume--> inc Pa toward normal

Capillaries: dec Pc (capillary hydrostatic pressure)-> inc fluid absorption->inc blood volume-> inc Pa toward normal
Term
standing can cause
Definition
pooling of blood in veins -> dec xPa -> Baroreceptor -> inc Sympathetic outflow which causes:

inc HR, inc Contractility, inc CO
constriction of arterioles, inc TPR
Constriction of veins, dec unstressed volume, dec venous return
-->
inc Pa toward normal
Term
orthostatic hypotension explanation
Definition
• The baroreceptor reflex operates anytime one moves from a supine to a standing position or when one stands still for extended periods. We usually don’t notice it.
• When fluid volume is low—for example, following illness where water was lost—the effect is noticeable as light-headedness (decreased cerebral blood flow) and racing heart (sympathetic response exacerbated by inadequate fluid volume)
Term
list of special circulatory situations
Definition
• Coronary blood flow
• Pulmonary blood flow
• Renal blood flow
• Hepatic portal blood flow
• Cerebral blood flow
• Placental and fetal blood flow
Term
coronary blood flow mechanism
Definition
• Coronary arteries feed the cardiac muscle
• Arise adjacent to the aortic valve • High pressure
• Small diameter
• Compressed during systole—increased resistance creates “O2 debt”
• Muscular compression: normal mechanism
• Vasoconstriction: autoregulation of blood flow—high hydrostatic pressure induces arteriolar vasoconstriction—can cause angina
Term
pulmonary blood flow mechanism
Definition
• The lungs receive huge cardiac output via the right heart, and gas exchange, which takes place at the pulmonary alveoli, is managed via this circulation.
• The conducting airway, bronchi, bronchioles, and trachea have a separate blood supply via the bronchial artery.
Term
renal blood flow mechanism
Definition
~25% of cardiac output
• Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is dependent on afferent arteriolar pressure but can be influenced by efferent arteriolar pressure. The diameter of the efferent arteriole can be managed independently of the afferent arteriole in order to adjust GFR.
• Low pressure in the afferent arteriole stimulates what?
Term
hepatic portal blood flow
Definition
• The liver receives oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery.
• The liver receives all venous return from the abdominal organs before it goes back to the heart.
• Hepatic portal circulation • Why? To detoxify.
• What impact?
• Liver obstruction?
• Ascites, heart failure
• Signs include varices, hemorrhoids, ascites, and abdominal distension with bulging veins (caput medusae)
Term
cirrhosis of liver can cause?
Definition
portal hypertension
-destruction of sinusoidal architecture due to cirrhosis of liver leads to inc resistence in veins and portal hypertension
-scarred and nodular cirrhotic liver leads to scar tissue in liver
-portal systemic collaterals can bleed
-splenomegaly
-back pressure in portal vein leads to hyertension
Term
cerebral blood flow
Definition
• Blood flow to the brain is so important that the circulatory system of the brain is specialized to do two things.
• Circle of Willis: series of anastomoses that ensure blood will always flow to the brain
• Blood brain barrier: special, very tight capillaries that prevent a lot of compounds from entering the interstitial tissue (a.k.a. the parenchyma) of the brain
• Drugs for neurological and psychological conditions have to be assessed for their ability to cross the blood brain barrier.
• Drugs with toxic neurological side effects can sometimes be used if they don’t cross the blood brain barrier.
Term
placental and fetal blood flow
Definition
• Maternal effects of preeclampsia: High blood pressure, strokes, convulsions, death
• Fetal effects of preeclampsia: Hypoxia, poor nourishment, abruption, early delivery, death
-ductus arteriosus shunts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta
-foramen ovale shunts blood from right to lef atrium
-ductus venosus bypasses maternal blood from liver straight to heart
-umbilical vein from placenta
-umbilical arteries to placents
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