Term
| classes of antimicrobials: |
|
Definition
| antibacterials, antivirals, antifungals, antiprotozoals, antihelmenthics |
|
|
Term
prokaryote ribosome subunits:
eukaryote ribosome subunits: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gram positive large ___ layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Penicillin (a beta lactam- targets cell wall)
(antibiotic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glycopeptide (affects cell wall)
(antibiotic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cephalosporin -a beta lactam- affects cell wall
(antibiotic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cephalosporin- beta lactam- targets cell wall
(antibiotic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a polymyxin- affects cell membrane
(antibiotic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a mix of trimethoprim and sulfonamides =act on folic acid synthesis
(antibiotic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a quinolone -targets DNA
(antibiotic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a macrolide- targets protein synthesis
(antibiotic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an aminoglycoside- affects protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affects protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gram +ve cocci - a narrow spectrum antibiotic |
|
|
Term
| tetracyclines- action on: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
bacteriostatic:
bacteriocidal: |
|
Definition
stops the bacteria from growing
kill the bacteria |
|
|
Term
| tetracyclines (bacteriostatic or cidal?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tetracycline + penicillin |
|
Definition
| tetracycline inhibits penicillin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| labile- destroyed in acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| benzathine benzylpenicillin is a _____ penicillin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| kidney excretion of penicillin delayed by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
cephalosporins is part of __ class:
and has 4 classes: |
|
Definition
beta- lactam antibiotic
1st generation: gram+
2nd gen: gram -ve, 3rd and 4th gen: broad |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| difference between tetracyclines and aminoglycosides: |
|
Definition
tetracyclines: reversible, inhibit protein synthesis, bacteriostatic, broad spectrum, insoluble complex, variable, oral/topical, delayed bone growth, tooth discoloration
aminoglycosides: irreversible, bactericidal, gram -ve, nephrotoxic, ototoxic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibit topoisomerase 2
broad spectrum |
|
|
Term
| organs most likely to receive metastasis: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| while doing chemo monitor: |
|
Definition
| CBC- liver and renal function |
|
|
Term
| cell cycle specific antineoplastics: |
|
Definition
| antimitotics, antimetabolites |
|
|
Term
| antimetabolites structure: |
|
Definition
| analogues of pyrimidines, purines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| purine analogue- antimetabolite (antineoplastic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pyrimidine analogue-antimetabolite -(antineoplastic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pyrimidine analogue-antimetabolite -(antineoplastic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antifolate (antineoplastic) |
|
|
Term
| antimitotics target ___ phase of cell cycle: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 main types of antimitotics: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vincristine/vinblastine class: |
|
Definition
| vinca alkaloids- antimitotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevent microtubules from forming |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prevent separation of chromosomes (antimitotic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nitrogen mustard- alkylating agent (antineoplastic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nitrogen mustard- alkylating agent (antineoplastic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nitrosoureas- alkylating agent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| platinum based drugs -alkylating agent (also neurotoxic) -an antineoplastic |
|
|
Term
topoisomerase 1
topoisomerase 2: |
|
Definition
cuts and ligates ssDNA
cuts and ligates both strands of DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| topoisomerase 2 inhibitor (antineoplastic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| topoisomerase 2 (DNA gyrase) |
|
|
Term
| actinomycin/ bleomycin class: |
|
Definition
| antitumor antibiotics (antineoplastic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antiestrogen (antineoplastic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| retinoids (VitA analogue) stimulate apoptosis (antineoplastic) |
|
|
Term
| antiangiogenic agents action: |
|
Definition
| interfere with neovascularization- interrupt tumour growth and spread |
|
|
Term
| 2 pathways for metabolizing alochol: |
|
Definition
alcohol dehydrogenase- to acetaldehyde
microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (when alcohol dehydrogenase is saturated) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits aldehyde deghydrogenase |
|
|
Term
| alcohol metabolism follow __ kinetics: |
|
Definition
| 0 order kinetics- enzyme can be saturated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glutamate receptor
-upregulated in alcoholics=greater withdrawal |
|
|
Term
Wernickes encephalopathy:
S&S, cause |
|
Definition
ataxia (loss of coordination), confusion, short term memory loss
-not enough Thiamine (B1) |
|
|
Term
Korsakoff's psychosis:
6 features:
cause |
|
Definition
anterograde amnesia (can't create new memories), severe memory loss, confabulation, meager content in conversation, lack of insight, apathy
-deficiency of thiamine (B1) |
|
|
Term
| naltrexone class and use: |
|
Definition
long lasting opioid receptor antagonist
-decrease desire for alcohol (for alcoholism) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NMDA receptor antagonist, GABAa receptor activator |
|
|
Term
| withdrawal symptoms (from ethanol) |
|
Definition
| excitability of the CNS: tremors (delirium tremens-hallucinations) irritability, anxiety, increased heart rate, convulsions, coma, possible death |
|
|
Term
characteristics of alcohol withdrawal
mild
moderate
severe (delirium tremens) |
|
Definition
mild- BP >150/90, temp >37.7
moderate- BP> 150-200/100-140, temp 37.7-38.3
severe: BP>200/140, temp>38.3 |
|
|
Term
| sedative therapy for alcohol withdrawal: |
|
Definition
| benzodiazepines, barbituates |
|
|
Term
| ethanol may be given for treatment: |
|
Definition
| with ethylene glycol or methyl alcohol intoxication -has greater affinity for ADH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growth restriction, craniofacial dysmorophology, CNS dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| diagnostic terms for FAS: |
|
Definition
alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorder- no facial features, no growth restriction
partial fetal alcohol syndrome- 2 facial features
FAS- all 3 diagnostic features |
|
|
Term
| depression may be associated with these neurotransmitters: |
|
Definition
| serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| SSRIs start working in about |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| neurotrophic hypothesis of depression: |
|
Definition
| fewer dendritic sprouts and branching |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of pharmacological treatment for depression: |
|
Definition
block NT reuptake: SSRIs, SNRIs, tricyclics
block neuronal metabolism=increase amount released (MAOIs)
increase neurotransmitter released (presynaptic autoreceptor blockade) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NT feedback on the receptor, inhibits more release of neurotransmitter
ex. mirtazepine blocks autoreceptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| SNRI antidepressant- inhibits both serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
may become too elevated
-generally when you use multiple drugs that increase serotonin ex. MAOIs +SSRIs
-increased body temp, mental changes, coma, death |
|
|
Term
| different SSRIs have different: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| P450 enzyme- may cause other drug toxicity |
|
|
Term
| abrupt withdrawal of SSRI symptoms: |
|
Definition
| anxiety, agitation, insomnia, confusion, diarrhea, sweating, vomiting, impaired coordination |
|
|
Term
| tricyclic antidepressants adverse effects: |
|
Definition
due to collateral receptor effects:
(they aren't selective!)
-anticholinergic- delirium, dry mouth, urinary retention, impaired sweating
-antihistaminergic-sedation
-block alpha 1 adrenergic receptors:orthostatic hypotension, ECG effects, arrythmias, seizures |
|
|
Term
| MAOIs increase storage and release of : |
|
Definition
| NE, serotonin (5HT), dopamine, and epinephrine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reversible (safer if taken after meals), irreversible |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of MAOIs: |
|
Definition
hypo or hypertension
-cheese effect- tyramine is an indirect sympathomimetic- (releases norepinephrine= hypertensive crisis! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 step process to treating mania: |
|
Definition
reduce mood to normal-antipsychotic med
2) stabilize mood within normal range |
|
|
Term
| depressive phase of bipolar disorder: |
|
Definition
doesnt respond to SSRIs, much more difficult to treat
-mood stabilizers effective |
|
|
Term
Lithium used for:
adverse effects: |
|
Definition
mood stabilizer- used to be main treatment for bipolar disorders
-replaces sodium modulates electrical activity but has many adverse effects: tremors, seizures, coma, polyuria (kidney), hypothyroidism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anticonvlusant and mood stabilizer for bipolar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anticonvulsant and mood stabilizer for bipolar |
|
|
Term
classes of medication for anxiety and sleep disorders:
and an example of each |
|
Definition
barbituates -no longer used though ex. phenobarbitol
benzodiazepines (diazepam)
-Buspirone
-Z drugs (Zoplicone, Zaleplon, Zolpidem)
-SSRIs |
|
|
Term
| excitatory neurotransmitter: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibitory neurotransmitter: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Benzodiazepines action
and 2 types |
|
Definition
promote GABA
BZ1 receptors-inhibit CNS systems specific to sleep/wakefulness
BZ2 receptors-inhibit CNS systems for anxiety, cognition, seizure threshold, respiration |
|
|
Term
| benzodiazepines used for: |
|
Definition
| anxiolytics, sedatives, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of benzodiazepines: |
|
Definition
| sedation, ataxia, impair cognition and memory, resp depression (but not very much) |
|
|
Term
| benzodiazepines interact with: |
|
Definition
| alcohol, OTC cough meds (anticholinergics) |
|
|
Term
| 3 classes of benzodiazepines: |
|
Definition
short, intermediate and long acting
short acting used as hynotic |
|
|
Term
| would we use a long acting benzodiazepine as a hypnotic? |
|
Definition
no! 1st order kinetics- the drug would still be there when they wake up
instead use long acting for anxiety (ex. diazepam) |
|
|
Term
| short acting benzodiazepines have ______ withdrawal effects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tolerance develops to the ____ component of benzodiazepines: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| withdrawal symptoms of benzodiazepines: |
|
Definition
anxiety, agitation, insomnia, panic
withdraw slowly! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Serotonin 1a receptor agonist- anxiolytic
-little tolerance or withdrawal |
|
|
Term
| increase dietary tryptophan (turkey) has what effect? |
|
Definition
| increases serotonin -anxiolytic |
|
|
Term
Z drugs for hynotics action:
advantages: |
|
Definition
rapid onset, short half life, no withdrawal, little tolerance
-enhance GABA at BZ1 receptors - just sleep (not resp depression, relaxation..) |
|
|
Term
| benzodiazepines used with caution in: |
|
Definition
| elderly, resp illness, people with potential for suicide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generalized (involve entire CNS) and partial |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of generalized seizure: |
|
Definition
| loss of consciousness, motor involvement: tonic, clonic (spasms of contraction/relaxation), atonic, recovery (postictal period)- takes mins to hours |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of partial seizures: |
|
Definition
involve focal cortical areas
may involve motor disturbances, changed behaviour,
simple partial: NOT loss of consciousness
complex partial: impaired consciousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anticonvulsant
-increase GABA activity, block Na channel electrical activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anticonvulsant
-increase GABA activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anticonvulsant
-blocks glutamate receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anticonvulsant -esp for tonic clonic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| benzodiazepine- all benzodiazepines have anticonvulsant activity |
|
|
Term
| treatment of choice for status epilecticus: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of anticonvulsants: |
|
Definition
GI, CNS- sedation, tremor, ataxia, hepatic, hematologic- transient leukopenia, aplastic anemia, weight gain, immune system, hypersensitivity reactions
-induce CYP P450 enzymes -need to increase dose of some drugs |
|
|
Term
| Stevens Johnson syndrome: |
|
Definition
| skin hypersensitivity reaction with anticonvulsants |
|
|
Term
| toxic epidermal necrolysis: |
|
Definition
| skin hypersensitivity reaction with anticonvulsants where top 2 layers of skin separate |
|
|
Term
| valproate, carbamazepine, phenytoin can induce: |
|
Definition
neural tube defects if taken in pregnancy
-so need folate supplementation!
-transient VitK deficiency -neonatal clotting disorders, supplmentation with VitK |
|
|
Term
| Phenytoin in pregancy can cause: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GI problems with anticonvulsants can be avoided with: |
|
Definition
| divided doses, administer with meals |
|
|
Term
| target of non narcotic analgesics: |
|
Definition
| Cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX): converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| widespread -homeostatic functions- GI, renal, platelet, macrophage differentiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| selective COX 2 inhibitor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| irreversible inhibition of COX 1 and COX 2 (non selective): decrease prostaglandins and thromboxanes -analgesic, antipyretic, anti-platelet, at high dose- antiinflammatory |
|
|
Term
| 2 pathways through which ASA inhibits pain: |
|
Definition
peripheral action- in the area of pain
central action- whole pain pathway |
|
|
Term
| mechanism for decreased fever with ASA: |
|
Definition
| inhibit prostaglandin synthesis: reset temp center in hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| high dose of ASA needed for: |
|
Definition
| inflammation- Rheumatoid fever, rheumatoid arthritis, gout |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bleeding, tinnitus, GIT, asthma, metabolic acidosis- then resp alkalosis, nephritis, Reyes syndrome |
|
|
Term
| acute aspirin toxicity signs: |
|
Definition
| vomiting, abdominal pain, tinnitus, hypoglycemia, hypokalemia, hyperthermia, hyperventilation.. coma, death= cardiovascular collapse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no antidote, stabilize airway, give potassium, restore pH, glucose, charcoal? gastric lavage? dialysis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibit COX enzyme
-no inflammatory or antiplatelet |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of acetominophen: |
|
Definition
| liver and renal damage long term large doses |
|
|
Term
| antidote to acetaminophen toxicity: |
|
Definition
| N-acetylcysteine -source of glutathione which decreases NAPQI (liver damage) |
|
|
Term
| COX 2 inhibitors risks of: |
|
Definition
| thrombosis, CV morbidity/mortality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
endogenous (endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins)
plant alkaloids (morphine, codeine, thebaine)
semisynthetic (diamorphine, hydromorphone)
synthetic (pethidine, methadone, fentanyl) |
|
|
Term
ligand opioid receptor complex:
and subtypes: |
|
Definition
G protein coupled receptors:
delta, kappa and mu -all found in the CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mixed opioid agonist/antagonist
agonist action: analgesia
-can induce withdrawal if already taking opioids |
|
|
Term
| opioids act as analgesics by: |
|
Definition
decreased presynaptic release of transmitters mobilized in pain impulse
-block postynaptic effects
inhibitory pathways-pain block, decreased emotional rxn to pain |
|
|
Term
| treatment of opioid dependance: |
|
Definition
| methadone, buprenorphine -similar effects as opioids |
|
|
Term
| S&S of acute opioid toxicity: |
|
Definition
pinpoint pupils, hypoventilation, hypotension, flacid muscles
late signs: severe resp depression, CV depression, seizures, coma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
most addictive drugs increase:
except: |
|
Definition
dopamine
except novelty drugs- hallucinogens or substances which reduce anxiety |
|
|
Term
| drugs with ____ half life are more prone to tolerance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mechanism of tolerance development: |
|
Definition
| decrease the rate of elimination (metabolic tolerance), cellular activity decreases b/c the drug is doing the work for it ie. endogenous system is downregulated |
|
|
Term
| develop tolerance to ____ effects of benzodiazepines but not ___ effects |
|
Definition
| sedating but not to antianxiety |
|
|
Term
cross tolerance occurs with heroin and ___
and benzodiazepines and ____ |
|
Definition
methadone and heroin
benzodiazepines and alcohol |
|
|
Term
| types of oral hypoglycemics: |
|
Definition
| sulfonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, thiazolidinediones (TZDs), alpha glucosidase inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| requirement for sulfonylureas: |
|
Definition
| functioning liver and kidney |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stimulate insulin secretion by B cell
-inhibit K channels on B-cell causing depolarization: calcium entry: insulin release
-increase insulin receptor sensitivity |
|
|
Term
| drugs that increase hypoglycemic effects: |
|
Definition
| NSAIDs, coumarins, alcohol, MAO inhibitors, some antibacterials, microsomal enzyme inhibitors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drugs that mask the symptoms of hypoglycemia: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| classes of sulfonylureas: |
|
Definition
| 1st, 2nd and 3rd generation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1st generation sulfonylurea
-short acting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1st generation sulfonylurea
-LOONNGG acting
-risk of hypoglycemia! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2nd generation sulfonylurea
-short acting (6-10 hours) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2nd generation sulfonylurea
-intermediate acting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2nd generation sulfonylurea
intermediate acting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3rd generation sulfonylurea
-long acting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| meglitinides, sulfonylureas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decrease gluconeogenesis in the liver
increase glucose uptake by skeletal muscle -for obese patients
-do not cause hypoglycemia
side effects: anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, lactic acidosis, contraindicated in renal disease |
|
|
Term
| meglitinides characteristics: |
|
Definition
short acting, similar to sulfonylureas
-can be combined with metformin
-side effects: hypoglycemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thiazolidinedione mechanism: |
|
Definition
| activate transcription regulator that improves glucose uptake by skeletal muscles, decrease hepatic glucose production, modulate lipogenesis in adipocytes |
|
|
Term
| side effects of thiazolidinedione: |
|
Definition
| Congestive heart failure, myocardial ischemia, liver injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alpha glucosidase inhibitors action: |
|
Definition
inhibit alpha glucosidase in intestine- dont absorb as many carbs
-control post prandial glucose levels not controlled adequately by diet and sulfonylureas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| alpha glucosidase inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| glucagon like peptide 1 agonists: |
|
Definition
| insulin secretagogues- slow down gastric emptying rates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| GLP-1 (glucagon like peptide) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
decrease postmeal glucagon release
-adjunct to type 1 and 2 treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
exocrine-pancreatic enzymes
endocrine- alpha- glucagon
beta-insulin
delta- somatostatin
PP(F) -secrete pancreatic polypeptide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, lipolysis (increase blood sugar) |
|
|
Term
| glucose enters cells through: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fasting plasma glucose normal (in mg/dL) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal 2 hours post meal glucose level (mg/dL): |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diabetes mellitus can be induced by this drug: |
|
Definition
| thiazide diuretics, steroid therapy |
|
|
Term
| infection that can cause diabetes: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intermediate acting
-reasonably soluble zinc preparation |
|
|
Term
| crystalline insulin type: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
long acting insulin
-poorly soluble zinc preparation |
|
|
Term
| complications of injecting insulin at the same place every time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| was a promising inhaled insulin product |
|
|
Term
| components of general anesthesia: |
|
Definition
| analgesia, amnesia, areflexia, relaxation, hypnosis |
|
|
Term
| general anesthesia mechanism of action: |
|
Definition
| depression of CNS, depression of Reticular Activating System, lipid matrix expansion, GABA mediated inhibition, glutamate antagonist |
|
|
Term
| phases of general anesthetic: |
|
Definition
| induction, maintenance, emergence |
|
|
Term
Primary route of elimination of general anesthetic drugs:
2ndary: |
|
Definition
lungs
some liver metabolism |
|
|
Term
| halothane metabolism yields: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| degrades into nephrotoxic compound |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
minimum alveolar concentration- to prevent 50% of subjects from responding to painful surgical stimulus
high MAC: low potency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
incomplete anesthetic because low potency
in order to put 50% of patients to sleep need 104%- not possible
-minimal hypotension and resp depression
-increases volume of air-filled spaces |
|
|
Term
volatile anesthetics: properties
examples |
|
Definition
liquid at room temp, produce unconsciousness and analgesia, decrease blood pressure, depress respirations
desflurane, sevofluranes, isoflurane, halothane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
exposure to volatile anesthetics
-hypermetabolic state, hypercalcemia, skeletal muscle rigidity, tachy, acidosis
treatment: dantrolene, 100% oxygen |
|
|
Term
intravenous general anesthetics:
properties
examples |
|
Definition
thiopental, etomidate, propofol, ketamine]
properties: rapid onset, short duration, rapid recovery, abscence of side effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypotension, tachy, apnea, NV, decrease in ICP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intravenous
-rapid offset because rapid liver metabolism
-hypotension, apnea, prevent NV
-michael jackson |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
intravenous general anesthetics
-block Norep uptake
-not change in BP, HR, cause apnea, NV, adrenocortical suppression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hypertension, tachy, analgesia, increased ICP, dysphoria
good for hemodynamic compromise |
|
|
Term
| chemical structure of local anesthetics: |
|
Definition
| amino esters, amino amides |
|
|
Term
| local anesthetics mechanism: |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| allergy more common with: (local anesthetic) |
|
Definition
| amino esters (cocaine, tetracaine, procaine) |
|
|
Term
| local anesthetics potency correlates with: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| gonadal hormones made from: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
most abundant:
progestin
estrogen
androgen |
|
Definition
progesterone
estradiol
testosterone |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| progestin- inhibits estrogen effects |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| estrone, estradiol, estriol |
|
|
Term
after ovulation:
estrogen
LH
progesterone: |
|
Definition
estrogen drops rapidly
LH increases
progesterone increases- to support pregnancy |
|
|
Term
natural estrogen:
semisynthetic estrogen
synthetic estrogen: |
|
Definition
estradiol
estradiol valerate, ethinyl estradiol
mestranol, stilboestrol |
|
|
Term
| estrogen transport in body by: |
|
Definition
| albumin, sex steroid binding globulin |
|
|
Term
metabolism of estrogens:
excretion: |
|
Definition
liver, synthetic estrogens less prone to degradation
excretion by kidneys |
|
|
Term
| hypothalamic estrogen pathway: |
|
Definition
| signal to hypothalamus, GNRH goes to anterior pituitary, makes FSH, LH, stimulate estrogen in ovaries |
|
|
Term
| indications for estrogen: |
|
Definition
| contraception, replacement for menopause, female hypogonadism, menstrual disorders, acne, prostatic cancer |
|
|
Term
| hyperestrogenemia in males can be caused by: |
|
Definition
| liver disease and hyperactivity of the zona reticularis |
|
|
Term
| in females, hyperestrogenemia can cause: |
|
Definition
endometrial carcinoma
breast cancer
cervical cancer |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| antiestrogen, increases FSH, treatment of infertility |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| medroxyprogesterone, norethindrone, norgestrel: |
|
Definition
| 1st generation synthetic progestins |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 2nd gen progestins synthetic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3rd gen synthetic progestin
-least androgenic effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3rd gen synthetic progestin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3rd gen synthetic progestin |
|
|
Term
| progestins therapeutic indications: |
|
Definition
| dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, endometrial carcinoma, contraception (egg cant implant), hormone replacement |
|
|
Term
mifepristone class:
mechanism:
used for: |
|
Definition
antiprogestin
-competitive inhibition of progesterone
used for abortion |
|
|
Term
| types of oral contraceptives: |
|
Definition
| monophasic, biphasic, triphasic |
|
|
Term
| estrogen progesterone combination oral contraceptives mechanism: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| low dose progestin oral contraceptive mechanism: |
|
Definition
| thicken cervical secretions, inhibit implantation, suppress ovulation by acting on FSH/LH |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of oral contraception: |
|
Definition
| edema, HTN, vascular disorders-thromboembolic, coronary artery/ Cerebrovascular, headache, depression, postpill amenorrhea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| injected every three months- Oral contraceptive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inserted ropes under skin for oral contraceptive, last 3-5 years |
|
|
Term
| hormone replacement therapy for menopause: |
|
Definition
LOW doses of estrogen reduce symtpoms osteoporosis, flushing ,headache, genital tract atrophy, CV disease
-may be cmovined with progestin to reduce risk of endometrial carcinoma |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| testosterone, dihydrotestosteron,e androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| therapeutic indications of androgens: |
|
Definition
| hormone replacement, anemia, breast cancer, anabolic agents (for protein loss) |
|
|
Term
| types of male hypogonadism: |
|
Definition
primary testicular failure
secondary:hypothalamic pituitary disease |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| androgen suppressors used to treat: |
|
Definition
| prostate carcinoma, endometriosis |
|
|
Term
| androgen receptor inhibitors used to treat: |
|
Definition
| prostate carcinoma, hirsutism and virilization in women, precocious puberty in boys |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibitis androgen receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
male oral contraceptive
-inhibit sperm production
adverse effects: irreversibility, hypokalemia |
|
|
Term
| base of all the adrenal steroids: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| androstenedione (both genders make both male and female sex hormones) |
|
|
Term
| modified sympathetic ganglion: |
|
Definition
| epinephrine and norepinephrine go straight to the blood -doesnt act on postganglionic factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase mental alertness, metabolic rate, increased HR,BP,RR, contractility, pupil dilation |
|
|
Term
| 3 regions of adrenal cortex: |
|
Definition
| zona glomerulosa (secrete mineralocorticoids), zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids), zona reticularis (sex hormones) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increase Na and water in body
decrease K, increase blood volume, BP |
|
|
Term
| what regulates the release of glucocorticoids? |
|
Definition
Corticotropin releasing hormone (by hypothalamus)
adrenocorticotropic releasing hormone (by pituitary)
glucocorticoids (-ve feedback) |
|
|
Term
| effects of glucocorticoids: |
|
Definition
| gluconeogenesis (glucose from noncarb sources), decrease glucose uptake by cells, increase protein metabolism, redistribute fat to face and trunk, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, increase RBCs, Na/water retention, osteoporosis, ulceration GI, mood changes |
|
|
Term
| therapeutic use of glucocorticoids: |
|
Definition
| asthma, adrenal hypofunction, allergic reaction, autoimmune-RA, systemic lupus erythmotosis, organ transplant, leukemia, inflammotory conditions |
|
|
Term
| administration of glucocorticoids: |
|
Definition
IM, topical, inhalation, oral, injection
remember equivalent concentrations: a small amount of dexamethasone=large amount of cortisone |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hyperfunction of zona glomerulosa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hyperfunction of zona fasciculata |
|
|
Term
| congenital adrenal hyperplasia: |
|
Definition
| hyperfunction of zona reticularis |
|
|
Term
primary addisons disease:
secondary: |
|
Definition
-primary: adrenal gland disorder: autoimmune, TB, infections
-secondary: pituitary gland disorder: inadequate secretion of ACTH, sudden withdrawal of prolonged steroid therapy, destruction of pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
weight loss, hypotension, fatigue, mental depression, addisonian crisis-severe hypotension-shock
treatment: hydrocortisone if cortisol deficient, fludrocortisone if aldosterone deficient |
|
|
Term
Conn's syndrome:
causes:
s&S: |
|
Definition
hyperfunction of fasciculata:
increased aldosterone secretion in absence of RAS
cause: adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal tumors
s&s: HTN, hypokalemia, decreased renin, alkalosis |
|
|
Term
cushings syndrome:
causes: |
|
Definition
increase in glucocorticoids
-iatrogenic (excess steroid therapy)
or spontaneous (adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal tumours, excess pituitary ACTH syndrome, ectopic tumor- secretes ACTH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| obesity, myopathy, HTN, hyperglycemia, infections, osteoporosis |
|
|
Term
congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by:
results in: |
|
Definition
congenital metabolic disorder- most common: 21-hydroxylase deficient
-increase adrenal androgens, decrease cortisol and aldosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
herbal drug -sedative and hypnotic
-bad if mixed with alcohol! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contains hypericin, inhibit uptake of serotonin and norep
-treat depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
herbal
-contains kava lactones: anti-anxiety
-but potentiates other CNS drugs
-additive response with other antidepressants -should not be used! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, inhibit platelet aggregation (low dose)
-gastric irritation, tinnitus, reyes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
analgesic, antipyretic, not antiinflammatory, inhibits COX 1 and 2
overdose: fatal hepatic necrosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| analgesic, antipyretic, antiinflammtory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| analgesic, antipyretic, may use as antiinflammatory |
|
|
Term
| Cold preparations include: |
|
Definition
antihistamines
-may alleviate symptoms if there is an allergic reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
alpha agonists ex. phenylephrine
-cause decongestion because of vasoconstriction -may alter BP |
|
|
Term
| cough suppressants: (antitussives) |
|
Definition
| codeine or dextromethorphan -suppress cough centre in medulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lower phlegm
-glyceryl guaiacolate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
H1 antagonist
but tolerance develops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
absorbed by ozone
sunburn, tans, cancer
UVA- photosensitivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| min erythema dose protected/min erythema dose unprotected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
laxative- stimulate intestinal muscle to increase contractions
-increase secretion of water into intestine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| laxative-forms a gel in water |
|
|
Term
| dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (colace) |
|
Definition
| laxative -emollient: surface active agent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antidiarrheal -synthetic opioid that does not enter CNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
claimed to be effective against cancer
-from the bottom of the sea |
|
|
Term
| 2 major groups of antiasthma agents: |
|
Definition
| bronchodilators, anti-inflammatory agents |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of bronchodilators |
|
Definition
| sympathomimetics (B2 and alpha adrenoreceptor antagonists), anticholinergics, xanthines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease muscarinic receptors |
|
|
Term
| ipratropium bromide class: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caffeine, theophylline, theobromine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
xanthine
-anti-asthma drug but many side effects
(aminophylline) -decrease phosphodiesterases, decrease cAMP hydrolysis, cAMP accumulates, relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles |
|
|
Term
| theophylline side effects: |
|
Definition
| dysrhythmias, convlusions, nausea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glucocorticoids
mast cell stabilizers
leukotriene receptor antagonists
methotrexate |
|
|
Term
| nedocromil, cromolyn sodium: |
|
Definition
|
|
