Term
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Definition
Evaluates safety and toxicity
Drug is given to a small number (20-80) of healthy volunteers |
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Term
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Definition
Determine an optimal dose of drug
Drug is given to about 100 patients for treatment or prevention of target disorder |
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Term
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Definition
Verify the efficacy and safety of the drug
Drug is evaluated in larger (hundreds to thousands), more heterogeneous populations
Drug is compared to existing treatments (standard of care), placebo, or both |
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Term
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Definition
Occur after drug is approved and marketed (post-approval trials)
Involve more heterogeneous groups (ie pregnant women, elderly, children)because in initial testing they hadn’t tested these populations
Ongoing evaluation of adverse effects and other indications
Some drugs withdrawn from the market due to new adverse effect data |
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Term
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Definition
inactive substances or interventions, most often used in controlled studies for comparison with potentially active drugs |
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Term
When can potential drug errors occur |
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Definition
Prescribing-pertains to PAs the most Administering Dispensing Patient adherence |
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Term
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Definition
the degree to which a patients follows a treatment regimen |
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Term
Frequent reasons for nonadherence |
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Definition
Frequent dosing Denial of illness
Cost
Physical difficulties
Disappearance of symptoms
Adverse effects |
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Term
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Definition
changes in the drug’s effects due to recent or concurrent use of another drug or drugs or due to ingestion of food |
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Term
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Definition
changes in the drug’s effects due to recent or concurrent use of another drug or drugs or due to ingestion of food |
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Term
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Definition
the concurrent use of two drugs with similar properties or mechanisms of action which can have additive effects |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
inhibit CYP enzyme system --> increased concentrations of substrate--> decrease the dose of the substrate |
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Term
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Definition
induce CYP enzyme system--> decreased concentrations of substrate-->increase the dose of the substrate |
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Term
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Definition
the margin between the doses required to produce a therapeutic effect and those producing toxicity |
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Term
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Definition
having little difference between toxic and therapeutic doses |
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Term
Adverse drug reaction (ADR) |
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Definition
not predictable, unwanted, uncomfortable, or dangerous effects that a drug may have |
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Term
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Definition
anticipated/common, unintended effects that occur within the therapeutic range |
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Term
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Definition
Dose-related Allergic Idiosyncratic |
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Term
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Definition
study of variability in drug response due to genetic factors, which are mainly inherited |
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Term
Four categories of pharmacogenetic influences on drug responses |
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Definition
Effect on drug pharmacokinetics
Effect on pharmacodynamics
Effect on idiosyncratic reactions
Effect on disease pathogenesis, the underlying severity of a disease, or the ability to respond to a specific therapy |
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Term
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Definition
“What the body does to a drug” |
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Term
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Definition
The movement of drug into, through, and out of the body |
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Term
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Definition
Involves the gastrointestinal tract |
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Term
Parenteral administration |
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Definition
Does not involve the gastrointestinal tract |
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Term
Absorption of drug depends on |
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Definition
Drug’s physiochemical properties Formulation Route of administration |
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Term
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Definition
The extent and rate at which the active drug enters systemic circulation |
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Term
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Definition
Metabolism of a drug before it reaches systemic circulation-hits liver first |
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Term
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Definition
After the drug enters the systemic circulation, it is distributed to the body’s tissues |
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Term
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Definition
The protein in the body which drugs most frequently bind |
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Term
Drugs that can cross the blood brain barrier |
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Definition
Unbound, Nonionized, Lipophilic drugs |
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Term
The location of primary site of metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
What is the major route of excretion |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The time required to eliminate 50% of the drug from the body |
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Term
How many half-lives for the drug to be eliminated from the body |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
describes the situation during chronic drug administration when the amount of drug administered per unit of time equals drug eliminated per unit of time |
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Term
How many half lives to achieve a steady state |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
chronic administration to maintain a steady state of drug in the body |
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Term
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Definition
administered to achieve rapid elevations of drug concentration and therapeutic effects earlier than with maintenance therapy |
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Term
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Definition
“What the drug does to the body |
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Term
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Definition
Involves receptor binding, postreceptor effects, and chemical interactions |
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Term
Factors affecting pharmacodynamics |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
macromolecules involved in the chemical signaling between and within cells |
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Term
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Definition
molecules that bind to a receptor |
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Term
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Definition
degree to which a drugs acts on a given site relative to other sites |
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Term
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Definition
the tenacity with which the drug binds to the receptor |
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Term
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Definition
degree to which a drug activates a receptor and leads to a cellular response |
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Term
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Definition
Ion channels
G-protein coupled Cytosolic receptors |
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Term
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Definition
Activate receptors to produce the desired response |
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Term
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Definition
Prevent receptor activation |
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Term
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Definition
Have agonistic and antagonistic effects |
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Term
What are the effects of Heart failure on drug concentration and response |
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Definition
Decreased liver and kidney perfusion--> impair drug clearance
Decreased tissue perfusion-->smaller Vd
Decreased gut perfusion -->decreased absorption |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) |
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Definition
Lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Bacteria Growth Inhibiting |
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Term
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Definition
A period of time after complete removal of an antibiotic during which there is no growth of the target organism |
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Term
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Definition
Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams |
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Term
Beta-Lactam Antibiotic Resistance |
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Definition
Breaks double O bond and making the drug inactive |
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Term
Major Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance |
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Definition
1. enzyme-mediated 2. mutation 3. alterations uptake and efflux |
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Term
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Definition
Penicillin Cephalosporins Monobactam Carbapenems |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Gentamycin, Neomycin(topical) |
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Term
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Definition
Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim |
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Term
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Definition
Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Oxazolidinones Cyclic lipopeptides Glycopeptides (Vancomycin) Tetracyclines Sulfonamides (CA-MRSA) Cephalosporins (5th gen) |
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Term
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Definition
PCNase resistant Cephalosporins 1st & 2nd gen Quinolones Glycopeptides Cyclic lipopeptides |
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Term
Pseudomonas activity drugs |
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Definition
Cephlasporins Ceftazidime/Cefepime 3rd and 4th gen respectively Aminoglycosides Quinolones |
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Term
Drugs with Rash as side effect |
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Definition
Beta-Lactams Sulfonamides Quinolones Tetracyclines(doxy and mino) Glycopeptides |
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Term
Drugs eliminated by the liver |
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Definition
PCNase Resistant PCN Macrolides Tetracyclines Clindamycin Chloromycetin |
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Term
Drugs active against Rickettsia |
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Definition
Chloromycetin Tetracyclines |
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Term
Class associated with "red man rash" |
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Definition
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Term
Class associated with Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction |
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Definition
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Term
Enzyme-mediated antibiotic resistance |
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Definition
Some bacteria may produce an enzyme that inactivates the antibiotic. example:beta-lactamase |
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Term
Mutation Antibiotic Resistance |
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Definition
modification or mutation of binding cite |
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Term
Reduced uptake of the antibiotic |
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Definition
Bacteria alter their cell wall structure to reduce permeability and antibiotic uptake. |
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Term
Active efflux of the antibiotic |
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Definition
Bacteria can increase efflux mechanisms, which decreases drug penetration and increase the elimination of antibiotics from inside the cell |
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