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Pharm Exam 1
Intro to/Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics
84
Pharmacology
Graduate
09/17/2012

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Phase I Drug Development
Definition
Evaluates safety and toxicity

Drug is given to a small number (20-80) of healthy volunteers
Term
Phase II
Definition
Determine an optimal dose of drug

Drug is given to about 100 patients for treatment or prevention of target disorder
Term
Phase III
Definition
Verify the efficacy and safety of the drug

Drug is evaluated in larger (hundreds to thousands), more heterogeneous populations

Drug is compared to existing treatments (standard of care), placebo, or both
Term
Phase IV
Definition
Occur after drug is approved and marketed (post-approval trials)

Involve more heterogeneous groups (ie pregnant women, elderly, children) because in initial testing they hadn’t tested these populations

Ongoing evaluation of adverse effects and other indications

Some drugs withdrawn from the market due to new adverse effect data
Term
Placebo
Definition
inactive substances or interventions, most often used in controlled studies for comparison with potentially active drugs
Term
When can potential drug errors occur
Definition
Prescribing-pertains to PAs the most
Administering
Dispensing
Patient adherence
Term
Adherence
Definition
the degree to which a patients follows a treatment regimen
Term
Frequent reasons for nonadherence
Definition
Frequent dosing
Denial of illness

Cost

Physical difficulties

Disappearance of symptoms

Adverse effects
Term
Drug interactions
Definition
changes in the drug’s effects due to recent or concurrent use of another drug or drugs or due to ingestion of food
Term
Drug interactions
Definition
changes in the drug’s effects due to recent or concurrent use of another drug or drugs or due to ingestion of food
Term
Therapeutic duplication
Definition
the concurrent use of two drugs with similar properties or mechanisms of action which can have additive effects
Term
Agonistic Effect
Definition
additive effect
Term
Antagonistic effects
Definition
opposing effects
Term
Inhibitors
Definition
inhibit CYP enzyme system --> increased concentrations of substrate--> decrease the dose of the substrate
Term
Inducers
Definition
induce CYP enzyme system--> decreased concentrations of substrate-->increase the dose of the substrate
Term
Therapeutic index
Definition
the margin between the doses required to produce a therapeutic effect and those producing toxicity
Term
Narrow therapeutic index
Definition
having little difference between toxic and therapeutic doses
Term
Adverse drug reaction (ADR)
Definition
not predictable, unwanted, uncomfortable, or dangerous effects that a drug may have
Term
Side effect
Definition
anticipated/common, unintended effects that occur within the therapeutic range
Term
Types of ADRs
Definition
Dose-related
Allergic
Idiosyncratic
Term
Pharmacogenetics
Definition
study of variability in drug response due to genetic factors, which are mainly inherited
Term
Four categories of pharmacogenetic influences on drug responses
Definition
Effect on drug pharmacokinetics

Effect on pharmacodynamics

Effect on idiosyncratic reactions

Effect on disease pathogenesis, the underlying severity of a disease, or the ability to respond to a specific therapy
Term
Pharmacokinetics
Definition
“What the body does to a drug”
Term
Pharmacokinetics
Definition
The movement of drug into, through, and out of the body
Term
Enteral administration
Definition
Involves the gastrointestinal tract
Term
Parenteral administration
Definition
Does not involve the gastrointestinal tract
Term
Absorption of drug depends on
Definition
Drug’s physiochemical properties
Formulation
Route of administration
Term
Bioavailability
Definition
The extent and rate at which the active drug enters systemic circulation
Term
First-Pass Effect
Definition
Metabolism of a drug before it reaches systemic circulation-hits liver first
Term
Distribution
Definition
After the drug enters the systemic circulation, it is distributed to the body’s tissues
Term
Albumin
Definition
The protein in the body which drugs most frequently bind
Term
Drugs that can cross the blood brain barrier
Definition
Unbound,
Nonionized,
Lipophilic drugs
Term
The location of primary site of metabolism
Definition
liver
Term
What is the major route of excretion
Definition
kidney
Term
Half-Life
Definition
The time required to eliminate 50% of the drug from the body
Term
How many half-lives for the drug to be eliminated from the body
Definition
4-5 half lives
Term
Steady state
Definition
describes the situation during chronic drug administration when the amount of drug administered per unit of time equals drug eliminated per unit of time
Term
How many half lives to achieve a steady state
Definition
3-5 half-lives
Term
Maintenance dose
Definition
chronic administration to maintain a steady state of drug in the body
Term
Loading dose
Definition
administered to achieve rapid elevations of drug concentration and therapeutic effects earlier than with maintenance therapy
Term
Pharmacodynamics
Definition
“What the drug does to the body
Term
Pharmacodynamics
Definition
Involves receptor binding, postreceptor effects, and chemical interactions
Term
Factors affecting pharmacodynamics
Definition
Disease states
Aging
Drugs
Term
Receptors
Definition
macromolecules involved in the chemical signaling between and within cells
Term
Ligands
Definition
molecules that bind to a receptor
Term
Selectivity
Definition
degree to which a drugs acts on a given site relative to other sites
Term
Affinity
Definition
the tenacity with which the drug binds to the receptor
Term
Intrinsic efficacy
Definition
degree to which a drug activates a receptor and leads to a cellular response
Term
Types of receptors
Definition
Ion channels

G-protein coupled

Cytosolic receptors
Term
Agonists
Definition
Activate receptors to produce the desired response
Term
Antagonists
Definition
Prevent receptor activation
Term
Partial agonist
Definition
Have agonistic and antagonistic effects
Term
What are the effects of Heart failure on drug concentration and response
Definition
Decreased liver and kidney perfusion--> impair drug clearance

Decreased tissue perfusion-->smaller Vd

Decreased gut perfusion -->decreased absorption
Term
MIC > breakpoint
Definition
resistant
Term
MIC < breakpoint
Definition
susceptible
Term
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
Definition
Lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism
Term
Bactericidal
Definition
Bacteria Killing
Term
Bacteriostatic
Definition
Bacteria Growth Inhibiting
Term
Post-Antibiotic Effect
Definition
A period of time after complete removal of an antibiotic during which there is no growth of the target organism
Term
Beta-lactams
Definition
Penicillins

Cephalosporins

Carbapenems

Monobactams
Term
Beta-Lactam Antibiotic Resistance
Definition
Breaks double O bond and making the drug inactive
Term
Major Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Resistance
Definition
1. enzyme-mediated
2. mutation
3. alterations uptake and efflux
Term
Beta-Lactams
Definition
Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Monobactam
Carbapenems
Term
A Macrolide
Definition
Erythromycin
Term
A tetracycline
Definition
Doxycycline
Term
Aminoglycosides
Definition
Gentamycin, Neomycin(topical)
Term
Sulfonamides
Definition
Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim
Term
Quinolones
Definition
Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin
Term
Glycopeptide
Definition
Vancomycin
Term
Nitroimadazole
Definition
Metronidazole
Term
Cyclic lipopeptide
Definition
Daptomycin
Term
Oxazolidinones
Definition
Linezolid
Term
MRSA Effective Drugs
Definition
Oxazolidinones
Cyclic lipopeptides
Glycopeptides (Vancomycin)
Tetracyclines
Sulfonamides (CA-MRSA)
Cephalosporins (5th gen)
Term
MSSA Effective Drugs
Definition
PCNase resistant
Cephalosporins 1st & 2nd gen
Quinolones
Glycopeptides
Cyclic lipopeptides
Term
Pseudomonas activity drugs
Definition
Cephlasporins
Ceftazidime/Cefepime
3rd and 4th gen respectively
Aminoglycosides
Quinolones
Term
Drugs with Rash as side effect
Definition
Beta-Lactams
Sulfonamides
Quinolones
Tetracyclines(doxy and mino)
Glycopeptides
Term
Drugs eliminated by the liver
Definition
PCNase Resistant PCN
Macrolides
Tetracyclines
Clindamycin
Chloromycetin
Term
Drugs active against Rickettsia
Definition
Chloromycetin
Tetracyclines
Term
Class associated with "red man rash"
Definition
Glycopeptides
Term
Class associated with Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction
Definition
Beta-lactams
Term
Enzyme-mediated antibiotic resistance
Definition
Some bacteria may produce an enzyme that inactivates the antibiotic.
example:beta-lactamase
Term
Mutation Antibiotic Resistance
Definition
modification or mutation of binding cite
Term
Reduced uptake of the antibiotic
Definition
Bacteria alter their cell wall structure to reduce permeability and antibiotic uptake.
Term
Active efflux of the antibiotic
Definition
Bacteria can increase efflux mechanisms, which decreases drug penetration and increase the elimination of antibiotics from inside the cell
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