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Pharm Cumeulative
KYCOM Pharm
120
Pharmacology
Graduate
10/15/2013

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
define agonist
Definition
drug that binds to the same site as the ligand and makes the same signal
Term
define allosteric agonist
Definition
drug that binds to different site than drug making no signal but causing drug to be more effective
Term
define partial agonist
Definition
drug produces lesser response than the ligand and competes for ligand site
Term
define competitive agonist
Definition
drug binds reversibly to receptor but increase in ligand can overcome it
Term
define non-competitive agonist, what are the two types
Definition
binds to receptor and prevents agonist from producing max effect

irreversible: more common, same receptor
allosteric: different receptor
Term
how can you tell if something on a graph is more potent or effective
Definition
moving left on the X axis is more potent
moving up on the Y axis is more effective
Term
what does a partial agonist graph look like compared to agonist
Definition
less effective
shorter, less high on the Y axis
Term
what does a allosteric agonist graph look like compared to agonist
Definition
same effectiveness (height on Y axis)
increased potency (more left on X axis)
Term
what does a non-competitive agonist graph look like compared to agonist
Definition
very short, sinking
less effective (height on Y axis)
less potent (more right on X axis)
Term
what does a antagonist graph look like compared to agonist
Definition
same effectiveness (height on Y axis)
less potency (more right on X axis)
Term
how does a Gs protein work
Definition
activates cAMP which increases PKA
Term
how does a Gi protein work
Definition
decreases cAMP which decreases PKA
Term
how does a Gq protein work
Definition
releases IP3 and DAG
IP3 releases Ca
DAG and Ca activate PKC
Term
what is the point of equal ionization
Definition
pKa
Term
what happens to an acid and base if you put it in stuff that is lower (more basic) than the pKa
Definition
acid will ionize
base will not ionize
Term
what happens to an acid and base if you put it in stuff that is higher (more acidic) than the pKa
Definition
acid will not ionize
base will ionize
Term
what form of a drug is best excreted
Definition
WA will be excreted beter in a basic enivornment

WB will be excreted better in an acidic enivornment
Term
what form of a drug is best distributed in the body
Definition
the same form

WA likes acid
WB likes base
Term
what is used to fix and WB or WB drug OD
Definition
NaHCO3 is used to alkalize urine and fix WA OD

NH3CL is used to acidify urine and fix WB OD
Term
define inducer
Definition
increases gene expression of P450 metabolizing enzymes which decreases the plasma level of the drug making it less effective and decreasing presence of symptoms
Term
what are 5 examples of inducers
Definition
rifampin, bensopyrine, chronic ethanol, phenytoin, barbituates
Term
define inhibitor
Definition
decrease gene expression for metabolizing P450 enzymes increasing plasma concentration of the drug which increases symptoms
Term
what are 4 examples of inhibitors
Definition
cimetidine, erythromycin, ketonazole, grapefruit
Term
define first order metabolism
Definition
rate of drug metabolism is proportional to concentration of the free drug
constant fraction of drug is metabolized per unit time
Term
define zero order metabolism
Definition
drugs with large doses saturate metabolizing enzymes
constant amount of drug is metabolized per unit time
Term
what are 3 examples of drugs with zero order kinetics
Definition
aspirin, ethanol, phenytoin
Term
what is a maintience dose for, how is it calculated
Definition
adjust rate so input equals rate of loss to keep a steady plasma level

(Cs)(Cl)/(F)
Term
what is loading dose for, how is it calculated
Definition
load initial volume of drug needed

(Cp)(Vd)/(F)
Term
how long does it take to get to steady state, what is it dependent on(2)
Definition
4-5 half lives
depends on half life and steady state is determined by first order kinetics
Term
NRTI: name 3 drugs
Definition
zidovudine
lamivudine
entricitabine
Term
NRTI MOA
Definition
host adds 3P then drug terminates DNA elongation
Term
NRTI side effects (3)
Definition
peripherial neuropathy
lactic acidosis
marrow supression - zidovudine
Term
NTRTI drug name
Definition
tenofovir
Term
NTRTI MOA
Definition
host adds 2P, drug terminates DNA elongation
Term
NNRTI drug name
Definition
enfavirenz
Term
NNRTI side effects
Definition
maculopapular rash
CNS effects - enfavirenz
Term
NNRTI MOA
Definition
binds reverse transcriptase causing inactivation
Term
name a protease inhibitor, what is the MOA
Definition
ritonavir
inhibits protease stopping viral replication
Term
protease inhibitor side effects (5)
Definition
central fat deposition
insulin release
hyperglycemia
P450 inhibitor - increased in infants
Term
how is ritonavir used
Definition
in combination with out PI because it is an extra good P450 inhibitor
Term
name an integrase inhibitor
Definition
raltegravir
Term
integrase inhibitor MOA
Definition
inhibits viral genetic integration into host chromosomes
Term
name three anti-herpes drugs
Definition
acyclovir
gencyclovir
foscarnet
Term
acyclovir MOA
Definition
TK adds 1P, host adds 2P, DNA chain termination
Term
acyclovir side effects (4)
Definition
delerium
tremor
seizure
nephrotoxicity (crystal urea, drink water)
Term
gencyclovir MOA
Definition
TK adds 1P, host adds 2P, DNA chain termination
Term
gencyclovir side effects
Definition
marrow supression
Term
foscarnet MOA
Definition
stops reverse transcriptase and DNA polumerase
Term
fascarnet side effects (2)
Definition
nephrotoxicity
altered Ca and P balance
Term
what two herpes drugs treat CMV
Definition
foscarnet, gencyclovir
Term
name and influenza a and b drug
Definition
oseltamivir
Term
oseltamivir MOA
Definition
neuroaminidase inhibitor that stopps viral budding
Term
name two TB drugs
Definition
isoniazid
rifampin
Term
isoniazid MOA
Definition
stops mycolic acid assembly
Term
isoniazid side effects
Definition
peripherial neuritis (take B6 to fix)
Term
isoniazid clinical use
Definition
only TB
Term
rifampin MOA
Definition
stops RNA polymerase
Term
rifampin side effects (5)
Definition
P450 inhibitor
pseudomembrane colitis
renal failure
anemia
red/orange urine
Term
rifampin clinical use
Definition
broad
Term
which antibiotics should be adjusted with renal dysfunction
Definition
most of them
Term
MOA B-lactams
Definition
inhibit transpeptidation in cross linking
Term
what are the side effects of B-lactams
Definition
hypersensitivity
Term
what are the side effects of imipenem
Definition
seizures with renal dysfunction
Term
how can something become resistant to B-lactams
Definition
alter PBP, product B-lactaminase
Term
how can you avoid B-lactaminase
Definition
clavulamic acid: B lactaminase inhibitor
Term
which penicillin is the most B-lactaminase resistant, what group is it in
Definition
nacifillin (anti-staph)
Term
which cephalosporin is the most B-lactaminase resistant, which group is it in
Definition
cephtriaxone (3 and 4th generation)
Term
vancomycin MOA
Definition
binds d-alanine terminal to inhibit peptidoglycan elongation
Term
vancomycin side effects
Definition
red man syndrome (upper body flushing due to histamin release and infusion too fast)
Term
vancomycin resistance
Definition
altering d-alanine terminal
Term
tetracyclines work on what subunit
Definition
30S
Term
what are two tetracyclines
Definition
tetracycline + docycycline
Term
tetracycline resistance
Definition
unable to bind receptor site
Term
tetracycline side effects
Definition
metals (antacids) cause chelation
concentrations in bone and teeth
phototoxicity
Term
aminoglycosides work on what subunit
Definition
30S
Term
what are two aminoglycosides
Definition
doxycycline and gentamycin
Term
MOA aminoglycosides
Definition
need O2 to get into bacteria (will never work on anaerobes)
Term
aminoglycocide side effects
Definition
nephrotoxicity
ototoxiticy
muscle weakness due to decreased ACh release
Term
macrolides work on what subunit
Definition
50S
Term
what are three macrolides
Definition
erythromycin, azithromycin, clathromycin
Term
MOA macrolides
Definition
inhibit translocation
Term
MOA erythromycin
Definition
bind to motilin receptor increasing GI motility (used in gastroperosis in diabetics)
Term
what drug is an antifolate
Definition
TMP/SMX
Term
normal folate metabolism
Definition
pteridine + PABA use DHPS to make DHF

DNF uses DHFR to make THF
Term
MOA SMX
Definition
inhibit DHPS (dihydrofolate synthase)
Term
MOA TMP
Definition
inhibit dihydrofolate reductase (DHPR)
Term
side effects of SMX
Definition
hypersensitivity, SJS
in G6PDH deficiency get hemolytic anemia
marrow supression because it stops THF causing anemia
phototoxicity
Term
name two folroquinolones
Definition
ciproflaxcin and levoflaxcin
Term
MOA flouroquinolones
Definition
inhibit topoisomerae 2 (DNA gyrase) stopping positive supercoils
Term
flouroquinolone side effects
Definition
tendon and cartiladge: tendinitis, tears

phototoxicity
Term
function of flouroquinolones
Definition
kill all geam negatives
levoflaxcin kills gram positive too (good for atypical pneumonia)
Term
MOA metronidazole
Definition
cannot have O2 present (works on anaerobes only)
Term
side effects metronidazole
Definition
metal taste, disulfram
Term
metronidazole functions
Definition
giardia
entomebia
trichomonas
bacterioides
clostridium
gardnerella
Term
syphilis tx
Definition
pen G
Term
gonorrhea tx
Definition
cephtriaxone
Term
chalmydia tx
Definition
doxycyclin or azithromycin
Term
trichomonas tx
Definition
metronidazole
Term
gradnerella tx
Definition
metronidazole
Term
strep tx
Definition
pen G
if using a cephalosporin: cephalexin
Term
staph tx
Definition
anti-steph penicillin (naficillin)
Term
HA-MRSA tx
Definition
vancomycin
Term
CA-MRSA tx
Definition
TMP/SMX
Term
typical pneumonia tx
Definition
pen G or cephalexin
Term
atypical pneumonia tx
Definition
tetracycline or macrolide
Term
what microbes cause atypical pneumonia
Definition
chalmydia
mycoplasma
legionella
Term
meningitis tx
Definition
cephtriaxone (+ampicillin for listeria)
Term
PJP tx
Definition
TMP/SMX
Term
amphotericin B MOA
Definition
binds ergosterol opening pores killing fungi
Term
amphotericin B use
Definition
serious systemic infection, too toxic for regular use
Term
amphotericin B side effects
Definition
nephrotoxicity
Term
fluconazole and voraconazole MOA
Definition
inhibit 14a-demythelase stopping lenosterol conversion to ergosterol
Term
fluconazole use
Definition
routine fungal infection
less serious fungal infection
anti-fungal (candidia)
Term
voriconazole use
Definition
aspergillus
Term
terbinafine MOA
Definition
stops squaline exopidase stopping squaline conversion to squaline epoxidase
Term
terbinafine use
Definition
dermatophic infection (tinea), oncomycosis (nails)
Term
terbinafine administration
Definition
topical or oral
Term
chloroquine use
Definition
prophylaxis and tx DOC for blood schizonticide (malaria in blood)
Term
primaquine use
Definition
add to chloroquine for p. vivax and p. ovale because they chill in liver (tissue schizonicide)
Term
side effects of primaquine
Definition
in people with G6PDH deficiency causes hemolytic anemia
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