(See CH 22) GABA_A receptor agonist, depressant CNS effects

Diplopia, nystagmus

Ethanol enhances GABA_A receptor activation and the body responds to prolonged exposure by down regulating GABA_A. Ethanol withdrawal can be fatal -managed with benzodiazepines, which also enhance GABA_A receptors but has a milder effect and withdrawal syndrome.

NMDA receptor antagonist and GABA_A agonist effects; likely inhibits the glutamate system of the CNS while the GABA system is restored - turns off the "accelerator" while the "brakes" are being fixed.

GI effects and rash

Reduced risk of relapse in individuals with alcoholism

Inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase, causes aldehyde accumulation during ethanol ingestion

Little effect on its own but severe and potentially dangerous flushing, headache, nausea, vomiting, and hypotension when combines with ethanol

Deterrent to relapse in individuals with alcoholism

Inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase, prevents conversion of methanol and ethylene glycol to toxic metabolites

Headache, nausea, dizziness, rare allergic reactions

Methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning