Term
| An __ drug is administered directly into the bloodstream. |
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Definition
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Term
| A ___ tablet is formulated to release a drug slowly over an extended period. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is the movement of the drug particles inside the body and the process that occur during this movement. |
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Term
| Pharmacokinetics is made up of four phases: |
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Definition
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of the drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream. |
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Term
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Definition
| is movement of the drug through the bloodstream, into the tissues, and eventually into the cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the conversion of the drug into another substance or substances. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the removal of the drug, or what the drug became after metabolism, from the body. |
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Term
| Drug molecules can cross cells membranes in one in one of three ways: |
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Definition
-pass between the spaces or channels between the molecules
-pass through the membrane with the help of a transport system (energy or no energy)
-can penetrate the membrane directly. Drug must be lipophilic (soluble in lipids). This is used by most drugs to cross cell membrane. |
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Term
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Definition
| Charged molecules that are hydrophilic (soluble in water), not lipophilic. |
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Term
Polar drug molecules are not able to penetrate cell membranes.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
Nonpolar molecules are lipophilic (soluble in lipids/fat); therefore, nonpolar molecules are able to penetrate cell membranes.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
| bloodstream and are not technically absorbed. |
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Definition
| Drugs that are administered intravenously are placed directly into the_____ |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that are administered subcutaneously or intramuscularly are absorbed into the____ |
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Term
| The distribution of a drug throughout the body depends on three factors: |
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Definition
-blood flow to the tissues
-the drug's ability to leave the blood
-the drug's ability to enter cells |
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Term
Protein bining of drugs affects their distribution but is not an important concept to understand.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
Drug that is free (unbounded to protein) is active.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
Only drug molecules that are unattached to protein are capable of moving to their site of action (distribution) and achieving the desired therapeutic effect.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
| Only free drug (unattached) is ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Drug dosages are calculated by the drug manufacturer base on the ____ characteristics of the drug. |
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Definition
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Term
| When the patient has a lower-than-expected protein level (liver failure or severe burns), the distribution is altered. How much should be given. |
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Definition
| you would need less drugs because the person has a low protein level, meaning less proteins to bind with drug--therefore, more free drug in system and active. |
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Term
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Definition
| desired effects of the drug. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is influenced by health status, life span, gender, and culture. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the biologic, chemical, and physiologic actions of a particular drug within the body and the study of how those actions occur. How the drug affects the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| is dependent on route of administration, solubility and concentration of the drug, circulation, surface conditions, contact time and pH at the site, and cell membrane transport mechanisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| dependent on drug flow to the tissues, the drug's ability to leave the vascular system and enter cells, the drug's lipid affinity (lipophilic) or water affinity (hydrophilic), and the drug's ability to bind with protein (usually albumin) in the blood. |
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Term
Drugs cannot create new responses in the body; they can only turn on, turn off, promote, or block a response that the body is inherently capable of producing.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
Most drugs produce their effects from drug-receptor interactions.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
Drugs are designed to fit certain receptors. If the drug activates the response when it is on the receptor, it is said to be agonist or stimulant of the receptor.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
| Antagonist or blocker of the receptor |
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Definition
| If the drug blocks another chemical from activating the receptor, the drug is called an___ |
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Term
Drugh have same affinities for binding with serum proteins.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Drug particles that are not bound to protein. Exert an effect by attaching to a receptor or working in another way. |
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Term
| increases the drug's effect |
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Definition
| An increase in the number of free drug particles (from low protein levels)____, even though the dose of the drug is unchanged. |
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Term
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Definition
| The potency of a drug refers to hom many particles of a drug are needed to produce a ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___is the innate ability of the drug to produce a desired effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| The capillary beds in the brain that affects distribution of a drug to the brain is called ____, the cells are packed tightly together--preventing drug molecules, and other foreign substances from passing through and entering the brain. |
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Term
Only lipophilic drug molecules or that have a transport system can penetrate the barrier and get to the other side to the brain.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
| The placental membrane is not a barrier like the blood-brain barrier. In order to pass through the placenta, a drug must be lipophilic, not ionized, and not protein bound. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Metabolism of drugs occurs primarily in the ___. |
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Term
Other than the liver, GI, lungs, kidney and skin, research has shown that the intestinal mucosa is a major metabolic organ (after the liver) for some drugs.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| another name for metabolism is ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that are inactive until metabolized into an active form are called ___. |
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Term
Some drug are highly metabolized, meaning that every time drug molecules are circulated to the liver (25% of cardiac output sent to liver), a large percentage of the drug molecules is metabolized.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| This loss of effectiveness is called____. |
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Term
Drugs that are highly metabolized gain much of their effectiveness during this first pass through the liver, before they reach general circulation.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
Drugs that are metabolized are generally changed into an inactive form, having no effect on the body as they travel throughout the body waiting to be excreted. Occasionally, a drug is metabolized into an active metabolite.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Liver metabolism is predominantly achieved by specific live microsomal enzymes called ___. |
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Term
| naturally occurring substances |
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Definition
| P-450 group (group of cytochromes) metabolize ____, such as fatty acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ is the most common enzyme and is responsible for the metabolism of most drugs. |
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Term
Some drugs either induce or inhibit the p-450 system, altering metabolism of other drugs--usually, just one P-450 family is affected.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that induce a hepatic enzyme ___ the amount of that enzyme present in the liver--accomplished most frequently by stimulating enzyme systhesis, som more metabolism can occur through this pathway. |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that inhibit a particular hepatic enzyme slow the metabolism that occurs through this pathway, causing an increase in the amount of circulating, active drug. |
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Term
Metabolism returns tonormal after the inducing or inhibiting drug is no longer administered, although it may take several days after an inducer is discontinued.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 8% American whites, 2-7% African-americans, 1% Asian are what type of metabolizers? |
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Term
CYP3A4 varies by the sex of the pateint. More of this isoenzyme is present in the liver of women than in men.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Three processes are involved in renal excretion of drugs: The first is ___. drugs come to the kidney through the capillaries surrounding Bowman's capsule. Then most drug particles pass easily through the spaces of the capillary walls into the urine in the proximal tubule. Only very large particles like proteins cannot pass. The second, is passive tubluar reabsorption. The third process that affects excretion is active tubular secretion. |
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Term
| Because ions cannot be passively reabsorbed from the tubule, drug excretion can be increased if the pH of the urine encourages the drug to become an ion. |
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Definition
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Term
Acids will ionize in basic environments and bases will ionize in acidic enironments.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The amount of time that is required to remove half (50%) of the blood concentration of a drug. |
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Term
The combined processes of metabolism and excretion are responsible for elimination of a drug from the body.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A point at which the amount of drug being administered and the amount being eliminated balance off. it becomes balanced of a stable level of the drug in the blood called___. |
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Term
A 100% steady state can be achieved if a particular drug is give more than one time.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
97% of steady state can be acheived.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
Most of steady state (94%) is achieved in four half-lives.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
Achievement of steady state is not based on drug dose--it is based on the amount of time required for four to five half-lives to occur, and hlaf-life is related to the rate of elimination of the drug.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ____ are pharmacokinetic factors work together to affect the rate at which drug molecules disappear from the circulatory system. The Renal excretion and hepatic metabolism are the major modes. |
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Term
Drug cannot create new responses in the body; they can only turn on, off, promote, or block a rsponse that the body is inherently capable of producing.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs attach to the body's __ for intrinsic element such as hormones, neurotransmitter, or othe internal methods of regulating cell function. |
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Term
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Definition
The intensity of the body's response to the drug is directly related to the number of receptors
occupied by the drug. The more occupied, the stronger the response that is produced. Second, the maximum respnse occurs when all of the receptors have drug molecules attached. This is known as ___. |
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Term
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Definition
| No matter how much more drug you give, you cannot get any additional therapeutic response. |
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Term
| Modified Occupancy Theory |
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Definition
| __ is based on different assumptions about how drugs work at recptors. It states that different drugh have different strengths of attraction or affinity, for receptor sites. Drus with high affinity are strongly attracted to a recptor; drugs with low affinity are not very stongly attracted to a receptor. |
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Term
Low doses of a drug with high affinity for a receptor will bind with that receptor and produce an effect.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Receptors are not static; they are continuously stimulated to act or continually inhibited from action. Receptor response can be modified either by changing the number of receptor on the cell or by changing the __ of the current receptors. |
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Term
Most drug effects are related to drug-receptor responses, some drugs exert their effect by reacting physically or chemically with other molecules in the body.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
| Nonreceptor response--drugs exert their effect by reacting physically or chemically with other molecules in the body. |
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Definition
| antacids create their effect by mixing with stomach contents to raise the pH, making it less acid. This is an example of what? |
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Term
Two drugs may have different potencies but the same efficacy.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Once a dose is chosen and administered consistently over time and arrive at steady state after 4 or 5 half-lives. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a larger dose than usual is given initially is called ___, it computed so that after some of the drug is eliminated, the drug concentration in the body is still in the therapeutic range. |
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Term
If less potent but equally effective drug is less expensive or is better tolerated by the patient, it will be the preferred drug.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The dose that is required to produce the therapeutic response in 50% of the population. |
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Term
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Definition
| A measurement of the safety of the drug. drugs having a narrow therapeutic index do not have much difference between the effective dose and the toxic or lethal dose. |
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Term
Pateint receiving a drug with a narrow therapeutic index do not need to be monitored closely for adverse effects.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
A wider therapeutic index means that the amount required to be effective is very small, compared with the amount required to be lethal. The closer the TI is to 1.00, the more difficult it is to use the drug to treat patients--lethal. 0.025-safe.
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
Minimum concentration of a drug is required to achieve the desired pharmacotherapeutic effect (the MEC).
true or false |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| As drug levels within the body increase, the patient is more likely to experience ____ from drug therapy. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___ reflect the changes that have occurred from drug metabolism and excretion. Note last time drug was administered. |
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