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| Fluid ounces to milliliters |
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| Teaspoonful to milliliters |
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| Tablespoonfuls to milliliters |
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| Amoxicillin/ Clavulanic Acid |
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| Sulfamethoxazole- trimethoprim |
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| Amoxicillin/ Clavulanic Acid Class |
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| Fluoroquinolone- antibiotic |
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| Fluoroquinolones- antibiotics |
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| Fluoroquinolones- antibiotics |
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| Sulfamethoxazole/ Trimethoprim class |
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| Sulfamethoxazole/ Trimethoprim- antibiotic |
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Definition
| Thiazide Diuretics- hypertension |
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| Hydrochlorothiazide class |
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| Thiazide Diuretic- hypertension |
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| Potassium sparing diuretic- hypertension |
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| Potassium sparing type diuretic- hypertension |
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| Beta1 blocker, hypertension |
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| Metoprolol Succinate class |
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| Beta1 Blocker hypertension |
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| beta 1 blocker, hypertension |
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| Beta blocker hypertension |
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| beta blocker hypertension |
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| ACE inhibitor-hypertension |
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| ACE inhibitor hypertension |
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| Ace inhibitor hypertension |
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| ACE inhibitor hypertension |
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| ACE inhibitor hypertension |
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| Angiotensin II receptor blocker- hypertension |
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| Angiotensin Receptor II blocker- hypertension |
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| Angiotension II receptor blocker- hypertension |
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| Angiotensin II receptor blocker hypertension |
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| Calcium channel blocker hypertension |
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| Calcium channel blocker hypertension |
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| calcium channel blocker hypertension |
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| calcium channel blocker hypertension |
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| calcium channel blocker hypertension |
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Definition
Type I diabetes
Short acting insulin |
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Definition
Type I diabetes
Short acting insulin |
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| Regular insulin (Humulin) class |
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Definition
Type I diabetes
Short acting insulin |
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| Neutral protamine (Humulin N) class |
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Definition
Type I diabetes
Intermediate Acting Insulin |
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| Glargine Insulin (Lantus) class |
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Definition
Type I Diabetes
Long Acting Insulin |
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Definition
Sulfonylureas
Type II Diabetes |
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Definition
Sulfonylurea
Type II Diabetes |
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Sulfonylurea
Type II diabetes |
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Definition
Biguanides
Type II diabetes |
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Glitazones
Type II diabetes |
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Glitazone
Type II diabetes |
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DPP-IV inhibitor
Type II diabetes |
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Definition
Incretin Mimetics
Type II diabetes |
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Definition
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
hyperlipidemia |
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Definition
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
hyperlipidemia |
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HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
hyperlipidemia |
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HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
hyperlipidemia |
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HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
hyperlipidemia |
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Cholesterol Absorption inhitor
hyperlipidemia |
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| Therapeutic effect of penicillins |
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Definition
| Inhibit cell wall synthesis and kill bacteria |
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| Therapeutic effect of cephalosporins |
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Definition
| inhibit cell wall synthesis and kill bacteria |
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| Therapeutic effect of macrolides |
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Definition
| binds to 50s subunit of the bacteria ribosome inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis and kills infection |
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Term
| Side effects of penicillins |
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Definition
| GI disturbance (Diarrhea), allergic reations, allergic rashes |
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Term
| Side effects of cephalosporins |
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Definition
| GI disturnaces, allergic reaction and rash, and diarrhea |
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Term
| Side effects of macrolides |
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Definition
GI disturbances, diarrhea,
use caution in patients with imparied liver function |
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Term
| Fluoroquinolones therapeutic effect |
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Definition
| inhibits replication of bacterial DNA and cause bacterial cell death by inducing cleavage of DNA. treat infection |
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Term
| Fluoroquinolone side effects |
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Definition
| Diarrhea, nausea, headache and dizziness |
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Term
| Tetracycline therapeutic effects |
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Definition
| binds to 30 s subunit of bacterial ribosome and inhibits bacterial protein synthesis and treats infection |
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Term
| Tetracycline side effects |
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Definition
| GI disturbances, diarrhea, desposition of drug in bones and teeth, avoid in pregnanacy, phototoxicity, and vertigo with minocycline |
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Term
| Sulfamethoxazole/ Trimethoprim therapeutic effect |
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Definition
| Sulfonamide inhibits the synthesis of folic acid and trimethoprim prevents the conversion of folic acid to its active form and treats infection |
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Term
| Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole side effects |
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Definition
| Diarrhea, nausea, hypersensitivity ( rashes and stevens-johnson) phototoxicity |
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Term
| Therapeutic effects of Diuretics |
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Definition
Work by increasing sodium re-absorption in kidney tubule and thus increasing sodium and water excretion
Results in decrease ECFV and a decrease in BP
Controls hypertension |
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Term
| Side effects of diuretics |
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Definition
Hyperglycemia, Hyperkalemia, hyperurcemia, orthostatic hypotension
decreased lipido in K+ sparing |
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Term
| Therapeutic effect of beta blockers |
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Definition
Block β1 receptors heart
Reduces BP by decreasing heart rate and thus cardiac output
Decrease sympathetic output from CNS
Inhibit release of renin from the kidney
Treats hypertension |
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Term
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Definition
| Hyperkalemic, hyperuricemia, gout, hyperglycemia in uncontrolled diabetes and decreased lipido in k sparing diuretics |
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Term
| Side Effects of Beta Blockers |
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Definition
| Orthostatic hypotension, fatigue, decreased lipido, vertigo, bradycardia, depression |
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Term
| Therapeutic effect of ACE inhibitors and ARBS |
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Definition
Inhibit the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotenesin II
Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor
Treats hypertension |
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Term
| Side effect of ACE Inhibitor and ARBS |
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Definition
| Dry cough, hyperkalemia, vertigo, HA, skin rash |
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Term
| Therapeutic effect for calcium channel blockers |
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Definition
Potent vasodilators
Inhibit calcium entry into vascular smooth muscle
Inhibits calcium dependent process leading to muscle contraction
Results in vasodilatation
Treats hypertension |
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Term
| Side effect of calcium channel blockers |
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Definition
| Constipation, HA, vertigo, orthostatic hypotension |
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Term
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Definition
| trachycardia, confusion, vertigo, diaphoresis |
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Term
| Therapeutic effect of sulfonylureas |
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Definition
Promote insulin release from cells in pancreas
Reduce glucagon secretion
Reduction in hepatic glucose production
Increase binding of insulin to target receptors
Control diabetes |
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Term
| Side effects of sulfonylureas |
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Definition
| hypoglycemia, weight gain, photoxicity |
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Term
| Therapeutic effects of Biguanides |
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Definition
Insulin sensitizer
Does not promote insulin secretion and does not cause hypoglycemia
Inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis
Increases glucose uptake and utilization by target tissues
Reduces insulin resistance
Reduces LDL and VLDL
Reduces cardiovascular mortality
Treats diabetes |
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Term
| Side effects of biguaindes |
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Definition
| Nausea, GI disturbance, fatal lactic acidosis |
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Term
| Therapeutic effect of glitazones |
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Definition
It’s primary action is enhancement of insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and the liver.
Does not increase insulin secretion and does not cause hypoglycemia
Treat diabetes |
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Term
| Side effect of glitazones |
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Definition
| weight gain, fluid retention, risk of hepatotoxicity and heart failure |
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Term
| Therapeutic effect of DPP-IV inhibitor |
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Definition
Acts as a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor which acts by slowing the inactivation of incretin hormones
Incretin hormones are part of an endogenous system involved in the physiologic regulation of glucose homeostasis
Incretin increases insulin release and decreases glucagon levels in the circulation
Treats diabetes |
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Term
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Definition
| head aches, skin rash, angioedema, and stevens johnson syndrome and nasopharyngitis |
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Term
| Therapeutics effect of incretin mimetic |
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Definition
Mimics the enhancement of glucose-dependent insulin secretion and other antihyperglycemic actions of incretin.
Treats diabetes |
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Term
| Side effects of incretin mimeticsq |
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Definition
| Severe abdominal pain associated iwth the development of pancreatitis |
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Term
| Therapeutic effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) |
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Definition
Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase
Inhibits conversion of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) to mevalonic acid
Enzyme controls the rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis
Results in a decrease in the intracellular supply of cholesterol
This leads to an increase in the number of cell surface LDL receptors that bind LDL
Treats hyperlipidemia |
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Term
| Therapeutic effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) |
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Definition
Inhibit HMG-CoA reductase
Inhibits conversion of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) to mevalonic acid
Enzyme controls the rate limiting step in cholesterol synthesis
Results in a decrease in the intracellular supply of cholesterol
This leads to an increase in the number of cell surface LDL receptors that bind LDL
Treats hyperlipidemia |
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Term
| Side effects of HMG-CoA Reductase inhibitors |
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Definition
| Livertoxicity, myopathy, contraindicated in pregnancy |
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Term
| Therapeutic effect of niacin |
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Definition
Reduces LDL by 10-20%
Lowers triglyceride levels
Most effective for increasing HDL
Treats hyperlipidemia |
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Term
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Definition
| Intense cutaneous and risk of hepatotoxicity |
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Term
| Therapeutic effects of fibrates |
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Definition
Derivatives of fibric acid
Lower triglycerides and increase HDL levels
Very complicated mechanism of action
Work through peroxisome proliferator receptor and fibrate mediated gene encoding for lipoprotein structure and function
Treats hyperlipidemia |
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Term
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Definition
| GI disturbnaces, myopathy, pancreatitis |
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Term
| Therapeutic effect of cholesterol absorption inhibitors |
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Definition
Inhibits intestinal absorption of dietary cholesterol in the small intestine
Decrease in delivery of cholesterol to liver
Reduces hepatic cholesterol stores
Increases cholesterol clearance from blood
Treats hypertension |
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