Term
|
Definition
2nd line antibiotic- borad spectrum
good against anerobes: B. fragilis, rickettsiae
not for MRSA
serious life threatening side effects- Aplastic Anemia
good tissue distribution including CNS, for LIFE THREATENING adult meningitis (no allergy), RIcketsia
BINDS 50S RIBOSOME
Bacteriocidal vs H. Inf, N. Mening, Strept. Pne., Bacteroides
Bacteriostatic vs most |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
calcium and milk decrease oral absorption of tetracycline- deposited in bone and teeth
CONTRIND IN PREGNANCY, GI upset
bacteriostatic- for Ricketsia, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Spirochete Ticks, Periodontis, Acne
Not for gram -
30S Ribosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
long acting tetracycline antibiotic
for borrelia burgdoferi
GIVE IV for serious infections
good oral absorption
good for chlymidia
not for pregnancy- affects teeth and bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
long acting tetracycline antibiotic
good oral absorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ferocious like a tiger against resistant bacteria
tetracycline antibiotic for skin infection and intrabdominal |
|
|
Term
| Erythromycin [Estolate, Stearate, Ethylsucinate] |
|
Definition
wide distribution but not CNS macrolide
potential drug interactions with CYP
bacteriostatic on 50S ribosome
ok for pregnancy
many H. influenzae and enterobacteriaceae (UTI) are resistant
good for mycoplasma, chalmydia, legionaella, pharyngitis
allergic to penecillin? use against staph and strep
GI upset and emptying, liver toxicity with estolate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
better oral absorption than erythromycin, Not CNS
macrolide
less GI problems
longer half-life
inhibits P450 enzymes
good for mycobacterium in AIDS, better against H influenzaee |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
better oral absorption than erythromycin, NOT CNS
macrolide
good for community acquired pneumonia
very long half-life (3 days)
does not inhibit P450 enzymes- less drug interactions
good for mycobacterium in AIDS, BEST against H influenzae and chlamydia and gonorrhoeae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
only for severe pneumonia
macrolide
active against methylase producing Gram + cocci
good when resistant to macrolides (erythromycin)
severe liver toxicity, inhibits CYP 3A4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Azithromycin
Doxycycline
Fluroquinolones
(pregnant?- use erthro, amoxicillin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
poor oral absorption, IV usually aminoglycoside
not affective against anerobes, good gram neg activity, sepsis, pneumonia, endocarditis (+penicillin), UTI
not good for serious staph infections
often combined with genicillin to treat enterococci
nephro and ototoxicity, neuromuscular blockade
dose-dependent bacteriocidal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
poor oral absorption, IV usually aminoglycoside
not affective against anerobes, good gram neg activity, sepsis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis
not good for serious staph infections, good for pseudomonas aeruginosa
nephro and ototoxicity, neuromuscular blockade
dose-dependent bacteriocidal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
poor oral absorption, IV usually aminoglycoside
good gram neg activity, broad spectrum, sepsis, pneumonia
not good for serious staph infections
most resistant to inactivating enzymes, use on resistant organisms
not affective against anerobes
nephro and ototoxicity, neuromuscular blockade
dose-dependent bacteriocidal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
poor oral absorption, IV usually aminoglycoside
not affective against anerobes, good gram neg activity, sepsis, pneumonia
not good for serious staph infections
often combined with genicillin to treat enterococci
nephro and ototoxicity, neuromuscular blockade
dose-dependent bacteriocidal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oral absorbable sulfonamide
usually used with trimethoprim synergistically (MRSA) UTIs
good for gram + and - but NOT spirochetes, mycoplasma and Rickettsiae
displaces anticoagulants, anticonvulsants and hypoglycemic drugs
contraind in children < 2mo, eye yellowing and brain damage
skin reactions, hypersensitivity, hemolytic anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oral non-absorbable sulfonamide
used to treat ulcerative colitis
good for gram + and - but NOT spirochetes, mycoplasma and Rickettsiae
displaces anticoagulants, anticonvulsants and hypoglycemic drugs
contraind in children < 2mo, eye yellowing and brain damage
skin reactions, hypersensitivity, hemolytic anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
topical sulfonamide cream
used to prevent/treat infections associated with burns
good against pseudomonas aeuruginosa
silver interrupts cell membrane/wall
skin reactions, hypersensitivity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antifolate drug used with sulfonamides
good against gram -ve, UTIs, prostatitis, pneumocystis Jiroveci in AIDS patients, acute otitis media, staph and strep but NOT enterococcus faecalis
can cause rash, GI/hepatic SEs, hematologic effects (if alcoholics)
not for pregnancy-antifolate |
|
|
Term
| fluoroquinolones (Ciprofloxacin) |
|
Definition
useful against multi-drug resistant E. Coli UTI, prostatitis, bacterial diarrhea
not used prophylaxis
great gram - activity (pseudomonal)
not for gonohhrea
bactericidal on topoisomerase
short half-life and good oral absorption (impaired by antacids)
penetrates prostate but not CNS
eliminated by renal mechanism
increases levels of theophylline and caffeine
GI upset, CNS stimulation, rash and sunlight sensitivity, damage growing cartliage*** |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
great gram - and good + activity (strep)
not MRSA
respiratory fluroquinolones, chronic bronchitis, bactericidal on topoisomerase
good oral absoprtion (impaired by antacids)
penetrates prostrate but not CNS
renally excreted
increases levels of theophylline and caffeine
cardiac arrhythmias
GI upset, CNS stimulation, rash and sunlight sensitivity, damage growing cartliage*** |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
great gram - and good + activity (strep)
not MRSA
respiratory fluroquinolones, bactericidal on topoisomerase
good oral absoprtion- long half life (impaired by anatacids)
penetrates prostate but not CNS
eliminated by non-renal mechanisms (not for UTI)
increases levels of theophylline and caffeine
cardiac arrhythmias
GI upset, CNS stimulation, rash and sunlight sensitivity, damage growing cartliage*** |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
good oral absorption
excrete in urine very rapidly
only clinical use is for UTIs when allergic to sulfa and beta lactams
pseudomonas and proteus are resistant
avoid during pregnacny |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
does not penetrate CNS, but good for abscesses
metabolized by liver and excreted in bile
bacteriostatic
good for Gram +, staph, anaerobes (B. fragilis and clostridium)
nototious for superinfection of pseudomembranous colitis by C. Dif
for cellulitis (strept pyogens, staph aureus when allergic to penicillins and cephalosporins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bacteriacidal at cell wall peptidoglycan
only good for gram +
staph infections (MRSA), clostridium difficile (oral only), meningitis by staphlyococci
patients allergic to penicillins and cephalosporins
poor oral absorption (IV usually)
widely distributed- good for CNS
renally excreted
ototoxicity (aminoglycoside), nephrotoxicity (amino or cephalo), red neck syndrome due to rapid infusion and histamine releaes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
topical use normally (parenteral use only when less toxic antibiotic not available)
poor selective toxicity
better against gram -
eye, skin, mucous memb and ear infections (not for serious infections)
nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
good oral absorption, IV, rectal, vaginal
good for brain/CNS abscesses, pseudomonas colitis
metabolized in liver, excreted in urine
not good for aerobes, good against anerobic (B. fragilis and C. Dif) and protozoal
reaction with alcohol, GI upset, peripheral neurophathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
topical antibiotic, wounds and conjunctivitis
nephrotoxicity
inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis
good against gram + and some - |
|
|
Term
| Quinupristin/Dalfopristin |
|
Definition
activity against methacillin and vancomycin resistance
bactericidal
last resort GO-TO drugs for resistant bacteria
IV for bacteremia, complicated skin infections from MRSA
inhibit 50S ribosome
pain and itching around injection, inhibit CYP3A4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
IV or oral
for vancomycin resistnnt and pneumonia from MRSA, skin infections, gram + cocci
static for most bacteria, cidal for streptococci
inhibits 50S ribosome
reserved for serious resistant infections
thrombocytopenia, reversible inhibitor of MAO |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
IV
binds to plasma membrane resulting in cell death
skin infections by staph MRSA, bacteremia and endocarditis
myopathy- muscle weakness
does not work for pneumonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ok for UTIs when pregnant
S. pneumonia, H. influenzia for sinusitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| good for strep when allergic to amoxicillin or sulfa drugs |
|
|
Term
| piperacillin/tazobactam + levofloxacin |
|
Definition
| good ro severe pseudomonal hospital qcquired gram - pneumonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
targets membrane function of fungus
subcutaneous and systemic mycosis
for candidasis, leishmaniasis, amoebic mengoencephalitis, aspergillious, mucromycosis
chemoprophylaxis
insoluble in water
give when patient doesn't respond to antimicrobial treatment after 4-7 days
binds to sterols (ergosterol) making pores (some cross-reactivity causing nephrotoxicity and hypochromic normocytic anemia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antifungal imidazole
subcutaneous and systemic mycosis
for severe tinea infection, versicolor, candidiasis
NOT for aspergillious, mucormycosis
chemoprophylaxis
fungistatic at low conc. fungicidal at high
binds very strongly to proteins in blood (cross reactivity)
in females my show menstrual abnormalities***
inhibit P450 enzymes may interact with HIV antivirals (inidinavir) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antifungal imidazole
subcutaneous and systemic mycosis
for versicolor, coccidomycosis, crytpococcoides, pseudallescheriasis, candidasis
chemoprophylaxis
long half life antifunal, oral, topical, IV
low toxicity
know mechanism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antifungal triazole
subcutaneous and systemic mycosis
for versicolor, candidiasis, cryptococcosis, cocc, His, Blast, sporo, ringworm
NOT for aspergillious, mucormycosis
chemoprophylaxis
very long half life antifungal
P450 drug interactions
low toxicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antifungal triazole
subcutaneous and systemic mycosis
for versicolor, candidiasis, aspergillious, blast, cocc, crypt, hist, sporo
chemoprophylaxis
low toxicity
know mechanism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
for superfucial fungal infections (dermatophytosis)
only for severe tinea infection (not versicolor)
disrupts mititic spindle structure blocking fungal cells in metaphase
deposited in keratin precursor cells
hypersensitivity, avoid intense sunlight |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
similar to amphotericin
NOT parenteral
not absorbed through the skin, mucos or GI
oral infecitons or as ointment for candidiasis
inhibits membrane function
few adverse effects topically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibit squalene monooxygenase and prevent ergosterol synthesis
for dermatophytes
NOT for candidiasis
low toxicity
usually used for superficial infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibit squalene monooxygenase and prevent ergosterol synthesis
for dermatophytes
used topically
low toxicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
echinocandin
inhibits B1,3 glucansynthase (enzyme for polysaccharide coat of membrane in filamentous fungi)
minor adverse affects
very expensive
use for invasive aspergillosis and exophageal candidasis when refractory to amphoteracin, itraconazle
second line drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| target ergosterol synthesis at 14-a dexamethylase (P450 enzyme) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
triazoles have longer half life due to nitrogen substitution
for antifungals know: mechanisma and main toxicities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
First line agents for TB
good for extracellular, cavity lesions, macrophages and caseous lesions
ok for intracellular
KNOW mechanism, length of treatment and SEs
usually combined with Rifampin
use for at least 6 months
can be used prophylactically
derived from vitamin B3
inhibits synth of mycolic acid
bacteriostatic or bactericidal
excreted either acetlyated rapidly or slowly
peripheral neuropathy (treated with vitamin B6), hepatitis in slow acetylators |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
First line agents for TB
good for macrophages and cavity lesions
affects mycolic acid
dose-related ocular toxicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
First line agents for TB and leprosy
good for cavity lesions, casious lesions, and macrophags
inhibits gram + and some gram -
most active during ell multiplication
inhibits RNA synthesis by binding DNA polymerase
GI upset, hepatitis, Reddish orange color to urine, feces, saliva, sweat and tears
Induces P450 enzymes reducing half-life of many drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
First line agents for TB
analog of pyrazine
works at slightly acidic environment
may develop non-gouty polyarthralgia, hyperuricemia, hepatotoxicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
used to treat leprosy
inhibits synthesis of folic acid (may cause anemia)
immunopharmacology drug allergy=hemolytic anemia
methemoglobinemia
sylfone syndrome (exacerbation of lepromatous leprosy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
used to treat lepromatous leprosy
bactericidal
discoloration of skin, reddish hue, GI disturbances in 50% of patients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
must use 2 or more drugs for 3-6 months
drug must be targeted for specific TB location 1. cavity 2. caseous 3. macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| High CMI usually leads to a better outcome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antiviral
prevents attachment of virus to cell
not orally affective
anaphylaxis
half life 2-3 weeks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antiviral for respiratory synchtial virus RSV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antiviral for flu type A
also antiparkinsonian agent
oral
blocks viral penetration (M2 viral protein channel) and uncoating
buffers the pH in endosomes
some CNS effects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antiviral for flu
not good for systemic (inhalation only) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antiviral for Respiratory syncytial virus RSV and Chronic hepatitis C
inhibits viral RNA polymerase
teratogenic, not indicated for use in adults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antiviral
topical in eye
inhibits viral DNA polymerases
visual haze |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antiviral, topical, oral, IV
Thymidine kinase from Herpes phosphorylates drug (specific for herpes)
inserted in growing DNA chain to block DNA polymerase
non-toxic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antiviral for cyclomegalovirus infections CMV
exactly the same as acyclovir except has more side effects: teratogenesis, bone marrow suppresion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antiviral for cytomegalovirus in patients with AIDS
inhibits viral DNA polymerases
main toxicity is renal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antiviral protein or glycoprotein for warts, herpes keratoconjuncivitis, Hep B and C (with Ribavirin)
blocks viral protein synth and viral replication
beta- multiplesclerosis
gamma- chronic granulomatos disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nucleoSide reverse transcriptase inhibitor for HIV
pyrimadine base, modified thymidine
used alone for infants to reduce transmission
good CSF penetration
excreted by kidneys
**Bone Marrow Suppression and GI upset |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nucleoSide reverse transcriptase inhibitor for HIV
purine base, modified inosine
eliminated by glomerular filtration
**Peripheral neuropathy, fatal pancreatitis, GI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nucleoSide reverse transcriptase inhibitor for HIV (and **Hep B)
low toxicity
does not cause peripheral nephropathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nucleoSide reverse transcriptase inhibitor for HIV
**severe hypersensitivity, GI and respiratory symptoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nucleoSide reverse transcriptase inhibitor for HIV (and **Hep B)
best tolerated
**hyperpigmentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NeucleoTide reverse transcriptase inhibitor for HIV (and **Hep B)
HIV replication inhibitor
GI upset, renal toxicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor for HIV
metaboliized by **P450 (antifungal -azoles metabolized by P450)
excreted by kidney
severe hepatotoxicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor for HIV
affects **P450
CNS side effects
Neural Tube defects in pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protease Inhibitor for HIV
metabolized by **P450
can cause Circum-oral and peripheral paresthesias (numbness), abnormal fat distribution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protease inhibitor for HIV
metabolized by **P450
causes kidney stones, dermatologic changes, abnormal fat distribution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protease inhibitor for HIV
metabolized by **P450
main protease used
GI upset, abnormal fat distribution |
|
|
Term
TMP-SMX
trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole |
|
Definition
for prostatitis
for pneumonia jiracovi (in AIDS patients) |
|
|
