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Lipoteichoic acid, gram____bacteria |
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fixed macrophages are found? (5) |
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liver, lungs, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow |
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macrophages are important for innate or adaptive immunity? |
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phagolysosomes are apart of which cell's defense system |
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oxygen dependent macrophage & pmns system? |
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superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide |
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oxygen independent macrophage & pmns system |
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antibacterial: lysozyme & defensins; proteolytic: elastase & cathepsins |
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breakdown of long chain polypeptides |
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IFN γ (gamma) is produced by____and activates____ to kill pathogens |
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____is the proteins that allows cells to communicate |
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___&___are responses of cells to cytokines |
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proliferate & differentiate |
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___is cytokine release that acts on itself |
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___is cytokine release that acts on another cell |
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IFN α & β are anti-_____(viral or bacterial) |
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IFN α & β make other cells___to____infections |
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IFN α & β activate____cells, induce____, ↑ ___expression |
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activate NK cells, induce resistance to viral replication, increase MHC class I expression |
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___'s function is 1) direct killing via MAC 2) ↑ inflammatory response via opsonizing 3) ↑ phagocyte chemotaxis |
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complement system is innate or adaptive? |
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antigen-antibody complexes |
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alternative pathway is___ |
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lectin activation pathway is _____ |
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mannose binding lectin binds mannose on pathogen surface |
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___inserts into the membrane and forms holes in the pathogen |
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membrane attack complex (MAC) |
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___make bacteria easier for macrophages to bind for phagocytosis |
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complement protein that opsonizes bacteria |
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acts as chemotactic substance |
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___causes neutrophil migration toward site of inflammation along the concentration gradient |
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___neutrophil stops rolling and sticks to endothelium |
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___neutrophil squeezes out of blood vessel between endothelial cells |
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___are antigens that induce a specific adaptive immune response in host |
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what makes a good antigen (4 physical factors) |
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large, complex, insoluble, foreign (non-self like) |
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the antigenic determinant, or poriton of the anitgen that is recognized by the antibody, it is formed by 1o-4o structure (one protein can have many ) |
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epitope (linear or conformational/discontinuous) |
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carriers induce or enhance immune response? |
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adjuvants induce or enhance immune response? |
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___is an antigen that can be bound and recognized by immune system but cannot elicit a response b/c too small (low MW) |
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e.g. serum albumin is a ___ & penicillin is a ___ (hapten carrier complex) |
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___can render antigen insoluble, prolong persistence of entry, activate inflammatory cells (a source of pamp) |
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___induce polyclonal activatio of B or T lymphocytes |
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the N or C terminal is the L & H variable domains? |
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___link the chains of Ig /Ab to each other |
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__regions determine the class of Ig |
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___regions of the H chains determine the biological function |
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the two immunoglobulin types on light chain constant regions are? |
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a higher affintiy antibody is more protective than a low affinity antibody b/c it will bind antigens at a ____ concentration |
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antibodies bind antigens through___interactions |
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non-covalent interactions |
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___ attraction between opposite charges |
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___hydrogen ion shared between different groups create partial opposite charges |
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___fluctuations in electorn clouds around molecules oppositely polarize neighboring atoms |
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___are the number of anitgen binding sites |
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___is the strenght of binding based on valence |
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what are the valences for Ig: A,D,E,G,M? |
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Ig__occurs in serum as monomer; in secretions as a dimer? |
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Ig__occur primarily as surface Ig co-expressed with IgM? |
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which Ig inhibit attachment of toxins/microbes |
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which Ig enhance phagocytosis (opsosins) |
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which Ig mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity |
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which Ig activate complement cascade |
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which Ig de-granulate mast cells |
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