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| fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds organelles |
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| a permanent structure within a cell with characteristic morphology that is specialized to serve a specific function in cellular activities |
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| complex internal structure of cytoplasm consisting of microfilaments, microtubles, and intermediate filaments |
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| a dense network of small protein fibers near the nucleus of a cell, containing a pair of centrioles and pericentriolar material |
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| a hair or hairlike process projecting from a cell that may be used to move the entire cell or to move substances along the surface of the cell |
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| a hairlike, motile process on the extremity of a bacterium, protozoan, or sperm cell |
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| Sites of protein synthesis; • Attached to endoplasmic reticulum to help synthesize proteins destined for specific organelles in and out of cell |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
"plasmic" = cytoplasm; "reticulum" = network |
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Definition
Extends from nuclear envelope of nucleus throughout cytoplasm;
Rough ER – studded with ribosomes and is folded into a series of flattened sacs; synthesizes glycoproteins and phopholipids that are transferred into cellular organelles, inserted into the plasma membrane, or secreted during exocytosis
Smooth ER – without ribosomes; synthesizes fatty acids and steroids; inactivates or detoxifies drugs and other potentially harmful substances; help to release glucose in bloodstream and also helps in muscle contraction |
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Definition
functions in processing, sorting, packaging, and delivering proteins and lipids to the plasma membrane, lysosomes, and secretory vescicles;
an organelle in the cytoplasm of cells consisting of four to six flattened sacs (cisternae), stacked on one another, with expanded areas at their ends
forms transport vesicles that carry molecules to other organelles |
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Lysosomes
"lyso" = dissolving ; "somes" = bodies |
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Definition
membrane- enclosed vesicles that form from the Golgi complex;
an organelle in the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a single membrane and containing powerful digestive enzymes |
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Proteasomes
"somes" = bodies |
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Definition
| tiny cellular organelle in cytosol and nucleus containing proteases that destroy unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins |
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Mitochondria
"mito" = thread ; "chondria" = granules" |
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Definition
Generate ATP through reactions of aerobic cellular respiration;
a double-membraned organelle that plays a central role in the production of ATP;
Referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
a spherical or oval organelle of a cell that contains the hereditary factors of the cell, called genes;
a cluster of unmyelinated nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system;
the central part of an atom made up of protons and neutrons |
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Definition
double membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm;
lipid bilayers;
outer membrane is continuous with rough ER |
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Definition
openings that extend through the nuclear envelope that consists of a circular arrangement of proteins;
control movement for substances between nucleus and cytoplasm |
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Definition
sites of synthesis of rRNA and assembly of rRNA and proteins into ribosomal subunits;
spherical body within a cell nucleus composed of protein, DNA, and RNA that is the site of the assembly of small and large ribosomal subunits;
spherical body withina cell nucleus composed of protein, DNA, and RNA that is the site for the assembly of small and large ribosomal subunits |
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Definition
| cell’s hereditary unites which control cellular structure and direct cellular activities |
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| arranged genes; a long molecule of DNA that is coiled together with several proteins |
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| all an organism's proteins |
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| gene’s DNA is used as a template for synthesis of a specific protein |
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| specific region of DNA that is copied(transcribed) to produce RNA which is than translated to form new protein |
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Definition
| sequence of three nucleotides in DNA |
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Definition
DNA base triplet is transcribed as a complementary sequence of three nucleotides;
a given codon specifies a particular amino acid |
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Definition
| (mRNA) that directs the synthesis of a protein |
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Definition
| (rRNA) joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes |
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Definition
| binds to an amino acid and holds it in place on a ribosome until it is incorporated into a protein during translation |
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Definition
| •An mRNA molecule binds to a ribosome then the mRNA nucleotide sequence specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein |
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Term
Microvilli
"micro" = small ; "villi" = tufts of hair |
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Definition
| microscopic, fingerlike projections of the plasma membranes of cells that increase surface area for absorption, especially in the small intestine and proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys |
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Definition
| consists of 3-20 small, flattened membranous sacs with bulging edges that resembles a stack of pita bread |
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| cisterna that faces the rough ER |
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| Trans face or concave exit |
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Definition
| cisterna that faces the plasma membrane |
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| sacs between the entry and exit faces |
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Definition
| bud from the edges of the cisternae move specific enzymes back toward the entry face and move some partially modified proteins toward the exit face |
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Autophagy
"auto" = self ; "phagy" = eating |
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Definition
| the process by which entire worn-out organelles are digested |
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Definition
| the organelle to be digested is enclosed by a membrane derived from the ER to create a vesicle |
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Definition
| self-destruction of cells by their own lysosomal digestive enzymes after death or in a pathological process |
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Term
Perioxisome
"peroxi" = peroxide; "somes" = bodies |
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Definition
| organelle similar in structure to a lysosome that contains enzymes that use molecular oxygen to oxidize various organic compounds; such reactions produce hydrogen peroxide; abundant in liver cells |
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Definition
| the threadlike mass of genetic materialm consisting of DNA and histone proteins, that is present in the nucleus of a nondividing or interphase cell |
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Definition
| the complete set of genes of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| set of rules that relate the base triplet sequence of DNA to the corresponding codons of RNA and the amino acids they specify |
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