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| Post Hoc, Ergo Proctor Hoc |
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| Refutation (Counter Argument) |
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| The art or science of all specialized literary uses of language in prose or verse, including the figures of speech. The study of effective use of language. |
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| Information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular cause or point of view usually related to politics. |
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| a statement that identifies two alternatives and falsely suggests that if one is rejected, the other must be accepted |
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| the presentation of two contrasting images. The ideas are balanced by word, phrase, clause, or paragraphs. “To be or not to be…” “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country….” |
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Form of understatement in which the negative of the contrary is used to achieve emphasis
and intensity. For example, "She is not a bad cook." Or "No man ever followed his genius
until it misled him." Thoreau |
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| the speech act of refuting by offering a contrary contention or argument |
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| The same word is used with two different meanings. |
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In dramatic literature, the moral element that determines a character's actions, rather than
thought or emotion. |
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| The means of communication, as radio and television, newspapers, and magazines, that reach people influentially. |
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Substitution of a milder or less direct expression for one that is harsh or blunt. For
example, using "passed away" for "dead." |
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A situation or statement characterized by significant difference between what is expected
or understood and what actually happens or is meant. Irony is frequently humorous, and
can be sarcastic when using words to imply the opposite of what they normally mean |
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| A statement that seems contradictory, but is actually true. |
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regular repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases or
clauses. For example, "We shall fight in the trenches. We shall fight on the oceans. We
shall fight in the sky." |
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