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| The claim; your opinion that you are going to prove |
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| Appeal focuses on the credibility or character of the SPEAKER; may discuss experience, education, why the speaker is well-known/popular |
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| Appeal focuses on emotions of AUDIENCE; may use kids, animals, elderly, fear |
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| Appeal focuses on logic/reasoning of SUBJECT; may see statistics, charts, graphs, well-known companies/tests (ex. acronyms that you are expected to know) |
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| Logical fallacy that suggests you should do/buy something because everyone else is &/or it will make you popular (Pathos) |
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| "To the man"; Logical fallacy that attacks the other person (Pathos/Ethos depending on argument) |
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| Logical fallacy that suggests doing/not doing something will lead to something bad, when in reality, it would not. (Pathos) |
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| A is/has _______; B is/has _______; then A = B. Logical fallacy that suggests because 2 things that something in common, then they must be alike, when they are not necessarily (Pathos/Logos depending on argument) |
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| Logical fallacy that suggests there are only 2 options/choices, when there are more. (Pathos/Logos depending on argument) |
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| art of speaking or writing effectively |
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| Argument from specific to general; Ex. Tim got a 10% on math test. Jim got 50% on math test. Abby got 40% on math test. So argument is that the math test was hard. |
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| Argument going from general to Specific; Ex. The math test was hard. So argument is that Tim, Jim, & Abby will have low grades. |
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| ideas, facts, or allegations spread deliberately to further one's cause or to damage an opposing cause |
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| Technique that violates the rules of logic, but can be extremely persuasive |
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| Logical fallacy that introduces an unrelated, easy to argue topic to distract from the actual argument. |
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| Circular Reasoning; Logical fallacy Assumes that the claim is true while trying to prove it |
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| Logical fallacy that exaggerates or distorts someone's position to make it easily refuted. |
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| Logical fallacy that presents speaker (or product) as “Average Joe”; Share plain, common, wholesome values (Ethos) |
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| Logical fallacy that uses a famous person to lend credibility to the product or uses a person with impressive credentials (Pathos/Ethos depending on argument) |
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| Logical fallacy draws a conclusion or making a general rule with too few examples (or special cause examples) |
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| Logical fallacy that uses words that have high emotional impact & broad meanings to the point where they are almost useless. |
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| Example: Your friends drink milk, so you should. |
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| Example: Don't vote for Brad as Mr. Rouse! He's not cool. |
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| Example: If you try out for the Royals, you won't get in and people will find out, so they will think you are a loser. So trying out for the Royals means people are going to call you a loser. |
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| Example: Julia is thin. Anorexics are thin. Julia is anorexic. |
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| Example: You should buy Coke, not Pepsi. |
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| Example: I know you are upset about my grades. Did you know that Tina got into trouble for being late to practice? |
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