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-Bochner adresses the idea of the business model in Things that Boggle the Mind
- Serves only in short term situations
- Serves students and professors
- Need to look at the big picture
- In the long term the business model is dangling
- Business model vs. liberal arts model
- Generation M
- Adjuncts give better grades then regular profs.
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-In Woodward and Denton a conscious attempt by one individual or a group to change the attitudes beliefs, or the behavior of another individual or group through the transmission of a message
-Jowett and O donnell Persuasion is transactional, it seeks voluntary change, Persuasion benefits all parties involved. It is the oposite of propaganda which is unidirectional, it is not really voluntary since it seeks to gain coherence through limiting a individuals ideological choices, benefits the propagandist only |
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-Kenneth Burke sees pure pursuasion as The furthest one can go in terms of rheotric
-Persuaders are pure in purpose dont sek advantage over others
-We look for signs of commitment and approval as evidence of belief
-we are concerned with how our ideas and actions will affect others
-Exists for the audience's reception and yielding
-Look for approval and acceptance |
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-Adler and Van Doren how to be a demanding reader
-having a conversation with the book
-asking questions
-Not scanning from begining to end instead picking out the most important points and try to completely understand them
-must recognize that writing acts as a form of persuasion thus it should be a transactional process |
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-Protagoris is discussed in Woodward and Denton
-He is a Sophist who veiws rhetoric as the ultimate art of man
-He comes from Plato's Gorgias
-He felt that their was no such thing as absolute truth, that everything is defined by man.
-Cites that the audience is very important in rhetoric because they must have the wisdom to see wether an argument is valdid or for lack of a better phrase bullshit. |
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-The story of Thamus is cited in Plato's Phaedrus to discuss the downsides of the writting.
-Thamus was a Great King of upper Egypt who was presented with many inventions by the God Theuth
-Theuth showed Thamus the technology of writing and exclaimed it was magnificent.
-Thamus is quick to point out that writing will force people to abandon their memories and make them forgetful.
-He is mentioned in Neil Postman's Techopoly to illustrate the one sided veiw people often have of technology
-Make the same mistake when discussing technology accept instead of focusing on its negative aspects we only see the benefits that new technologies offer us.
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-In Neil Postman's Technopoly he discusses the fact that all technologies inherently carry ideological bias's
-These technologies act almost as terministic screens which change how we percieve the world around us.
-Technolgoies do this through altering how we spend our time and what are intrests are and even change the symbols we use
-We see this with the introduction of television the average american watches three hours of TV a day, countless teenagers spend hour upon hours on facebook. We now use tech speak in every day life for example tweeting something, or googling someone. |
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-Dana Cloud defines hegemony as the process by which a social order remains stable by generating consent to its parameters by the general population through the use of ideological texts which define social reality for most people.
-Marxist scholar Gramsci came up with this concept to explain why the workers did not readily revolt against the rich.
-Hegemony makes it possible for the minority to posses the majority of the resources without the majority revolting
-In class we discussed how this functioned in the movie revolutionary road. Every accepted the suburban cookie cutter lifestyle because they felt that this was the way that life had to be. We further discussed how this related to the Horatio Alger Myth which states that anyone no matter how bad their circumstances can succeed in America. This means those who are poor or homeless deserve their depressing circumstances. This myth makes it possible for the degraded masses to blame themselves for their problems instead of rising up and fighting inherent inequalities within the socail lexicon.
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-John Givens is the insane character in Revolutionary road
-His character illustrates the power of Hegemony by showing the consequences of not following the socail norm.
-John questions the prevailing norms and is in turn hosptialized in a psychiatricward where he is given shock therapy.
-John see's the ideology imposed on everyone and how everyone acts as if they are happy following the social norms when in reality they are completely miserable. - He sees this better then anyone else because he is shunned away from suburban environment. |
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-The hyperreal is a concept discussed in Thomas DeZengotitas Mediated which refers to the unrealistic glorification of reality through mediation.
-It follows the idea that the real is no longer good enough for us in the mediated world, we now demand the real to be presented in our terms.
-We see the use of the hyperreal through the slomotion replays used during football games, and the camera editing techniques used in war movies to make the audience feel like they are in the action.
-The prevalence of the Hyperreal in our mediated culture stems from the lack of actual reality in our daily lives.
-One of the best examples of the Hyperreal is the New Dallas Cowboys stadium which has a fifty yard wide HD monitor over the field. |
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-White propaganda is a concept discused in the Jowett and O Donnel handout. It is form of propaganda where the factual information presented is generally accurate. White propaganda seeks to persuade by taking this information out of context or presenting the facts in an altered timeline in order to get the audience to have a certian impression of these facts.
-Micheal Moore's bowling For Columbine is a Great example of White propaganda in that he clearly distorts the context and timeline of the events he presents in his movie
-One example of this is when he spliced the footage of Charlton Heston in one speech with another speech he gave after the Columbine shooting which made him seem insensitive to the inncident. |
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-We discussed in class how 60 minutes changed the way News programs broadcast the news.
-Before 60 minutes news was considered a public service which was strictly unbiased and factual. News was never expected to be profitable.
-60 Minutes completely turned News on its head when it presented stories as a dramatic narrative, where reporters were pictured as heroic investigtors who exposed evil corparations and scams.
-This format made tons of money and compromised the unbiased nature of news. It encouraged other News organizations to over dramatize and stretch the truth in order to have an entertaining narrative, so that they too could be profitable. |
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-propaganda as defined by Jowett and O Donnel is the systemic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior to acheive a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist.
-Propaganda can be veiwed as white, gray , or black.
-White propaganda is based on truthful facts that are taken out of context. Gray propaganda uses facts which can not be determined as true or false and sources of information can not be named.
-Black propaganda is completely false and uses out right lies to manipulate a people. The quintasential example of Black propaganda is the depiction of Jews in Nazi Germany, who were falsly characterized as an organized enemy seeking to destroy German culture. |
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-Method Acting is talked about in DeZengotitas book Mediated. Method Acting describes the way that people act out their feelings according to what they deem aprobriate through mediated medium. This means that people act the way they think they should feel rather then what they actually feel. DeZengotita uses the example of a bunch of students in a college acting class who acted out their reactions to JFK's death thinking that it was an acting exercise. DeZengotita also talks about method acting later in his book when he refers to the mourners of Princess Di who acted out their grief by piling a huge amount of flowers outside of Buckinham palace. |
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| The Blob is the central concept of Thomas DeZengatitas book mediated. He uses this term to describe how modern media representation has inundated and surrounded our culture as an ever expanding blob. We see this in the fact that everything around us is made for us in some shape or form. Ads constantly adress us, buildings, television, computer, almost everything is taylormade through us in the form of repeated representations. The ever expanding nature of the blob is also seen through the progression of Extreme sports. Extreme sports were originally veiwed as a rebellion against traditional society and sport, but now it has become part of society through repeated representation through ESPN, video games, and merchandise. |
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Justin's Helmet Principle |
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| -The Justin's Helmets Prinicible is adressed in DeZengotitas Mediated to describe the irrationality of not taking advantage of the many choices offerd to us through mediated life. He explains this through the metaphor of his son's use of a helmet. He made his son use a helmet even though he did not because it logically made his son safer. If he were to not buy Justin a helmet this would naturally be irresponcible because this is unessesarily endangering his son. Similarly people who are given the option to have 100 television channels or 10 different flavors of coffee will also take advantage of these options because they make life more convienent and enjoyable. It is through the Justin's Helmet's prinicible that the optionality of the blob is perpetuated though modern culture. |
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-The Flattered Self is a concept which is presented in Thomas DeZengotitas book Mediated. The flattered self is a consequence of the mediated blob which we all live in. Things are constantly adressing us, telling us were special, easily formed to our bodies and minds so that we can use it with little effort. We see this in ads and products we use everyday like the computer which gives us a world of information at the touch of a button. The Flattered Self is a huge motivator for our actions and are directly reflected in modern culture through the prevalence of Twitter and Facebook. Both these mediums perpetuate the idea that we are so important that everything I say is proufound enough that all must have access to my wisdom. |
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| -Rhetorical Distortions is a concept which is brough up in the book Before the Shooting Begins. Rhetorical Distortions are undeliberate overstatments of a point of veiw which misshape the meaning of reality which the speaker is trying to adress. Rhetorical Distortion can be characterized by a misuse of symbols and language, a manipulation of facts, and the use of narrative to exagerate. Hunter gives tons of examples of Rhetorical Distortion in his book one great one is add example. |
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| The language of Sentiment is described in Hunters Before the Shooting Bengins as language that is guided by feelings which are derived through moral traditions, personal values, and humanistic ideals. The Language of Sentiment is characterised by a rejection of logic. Basically people take a stance on a subject or issue because they feel a certain way about it. This type of language is detrimental to public debate because it is impossible to prove someones feeling's are wrong. This leads to a stagnate public discussion in which both sides can not rationally describe their postitions. |
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| The Language of Conviction as presented in Hunters Before the Shooting begins is based on personal experieces. Unlike the Language of Sentiment it is logically based so it can be properly debated. The Language of Conviction can also be emotionally charged like the Language of sentiment but, it does not completely rely on this emotion. Unfortunaltly Hunter points out that the Language of Conviction is used much less than the Langauge of Sentiment. If the language of conviction were used more often public debate would be much more productive in our democratic society. |
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| -The Muddled Middle is a phrase used in Hunters book Before the Shooting Begins which refers to the people who are stuck in the Middle of the Abortion debate. This group of people does not really identify with either pro life or pro chose activists. Hunter states that most people fall into this category and have well thought out nuanced veiws on aportion. Many of these people also feel like they must hide their nuanced veiws due to the pressure to conform with the strict pro life and pro choice veiw points. Hunter Classifies these people as secretly pro-life, conviently pro-life, retticent pro choice, and personally opposed to pro-choice. This silencing of the middle position further explains why public discourse over hot button issues such as apportion focuses on the polarized extreme veiws on each side of the issue. |
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Universal Humanitarian Ethics |
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| -Universal Humanitarian Ethics is adressed in the Woodward and Denton text as the uneversal guidelines for social interactions. This ethics code focuses heavily on concepts such as wisdom, character, morality, commitment, and responcibility. This ethics aproach is similar to platonic idealism in its stressing of the ideals of truth, honesty, and dignity. When considered in this way ethical codes are solid unchanging truths which must be followed by all. |
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| -Narrative Ethics as defined in the Woodward and Denton text stem from the belief that social drama, vision, and storytelling interact to form community values. In essence a code emerges from the public discussion which is then used as a guideline for social interactions in that society. These social guidelines are also constantly changing as the public discussion changes. We see this aspect of narrative ethics through the fact that violence and mild profanity and sexual content is now allowed to be shown on network television, where as 40 years ago this was highly unacceptable. |
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| Substantive Democracy is presented in Hunters Before the Shooting begins as the perfert form of democratic goverment. This form of democratic government as he describes it embraces conflict and accepts inherent differences in opinion. A substantive democracy strives for robust debate over a wide variety of subjects in which the goal of the debate is to seek common ground and mutual understanding. Substantive democracy is beneficial because it allows for a citizenry to be more productive and civil though realizing true differences and similarities as opposed to perceived ones. Hunter uses the concept of the Substantive democracy to point out the flaws in the way that we practice democracy where we unrealistically seek to incorparate others in to our veiw instead of seek mutual understanding. |
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Millenarian Perfectionism |
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| Millenarian Perfectionism is a concept which is mentioned throughout Hunters Before the Shooting Begins which revolves around the idea that a group of people can acheive the perfect society if everyone follows the same correct ideology. This explains why people do not respect other peoples differing veiwpoints since they see them as obstacles toward reaching a perfect society. Hunter further describes this concept as a City on the Hill mentality which justifies people doing extreme acts which would normally be deemed as immoral in order to accomplish the goal of the perfect society. We see the real life examples of these rash actions in the killing of aportion doctors and the bombing of aportion clinics. If we do not appandon this unrealistic notion of the perfect society we are doomed as the book title suggest to engage in violent conflict. |
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| -Hunter presents the idea of modesty in politics as a remedy to the unrealistic expectations promoted through Millenarian Perfectionism. He states that people should recognize that society is destined to forever be flawed since it is produced by humans who are born flawed. People should not strive for huge leaps and bounds but instead they should work for gradual progress. This mindsett also calls for people to focus on local issues rather than national ones which they have little effect on individually. If people were to look at poltics in this more realistic manner people would more readily embrace a substantial democracy and soceity as a whole would be less combative and more productive. |
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| Superficiality is defined in Hunters Before the Shooting Begins as a skin deep representation of subject matter which tends to over dramatize and look over the specifics of an issue. Hunter used the example of the way news covered the aportion controversy to show how superficiality functions in our society. He explained that the News simply would repeat whatever rhetoric the pro life and pro choice group gave them and would avoid asking any penetrating questions about these statments. Hunter explains that superficiality is propetuated through the need to entertain an audience and the pressure to make money through commercails. Superficiality is bad for society as a whole because it gives an imperfect veiw of the world and allows people to act on false conclusions which in turn exasperates the culture war mentality seen in modern political discourse. |
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| Trivializing Culture is defined in Before the Shooting Begins as the false presentation of culture as something less then it actually is. Hunter points out that culture is a very powerful force that shapes ones values and identity, but, within the context of multiculturalism it is reduced to simple presentations about foreign food and holidays. Children frequently are presented these minor aspects of culture while major aspects such as the treatment of the women, and the acceptance of different races is ignored. This watered down view of culture functions to mischaracterize what cultures are and makes it impossible to accurately adress substantial differences between cultures. This directly applies to our lives since we encounter people with different cultures on a daily basis in this part of the US and it is important to understand these cultures or risk misunderstandings that result in violence. |
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-direct attacks on a persons character rather then their actual argument
-presented in woodward and Denton
-Seen throughout the 08 election as Mccain was refered to as being to old and Obama was attacked for "paling around with terrorists." |
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-A greek term invented by Aristotle which refers to the character and moral standing of a speaker.
-Ethos is very important to an argument especially one the relies on authority
-In religous arguments Garver specifically talks about the importance of good ethos in a religous argument.
-If someone has a bad reputation you will most likely disregard that person's argument even if it is backed up with good factual evidence. |
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Religous Rhetoric as motivated |
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| Garver talks about the importance of motivation in religouse rhetoric in his reading. Garver explains that religous argument is concerned with motivations and purposes of the speaker since it is calling people to accept absolute truth. Audiences are also more concerned over motivation because religous argument is not defined by self interest. This concern over motivation in Religous argument leads to an atmosphere of suspicion which is impossible to persuade. Garver suggests that people largely disregard motivation in religous argument or at least weight it the same as they would anyother premise in the argument. By doing this the pursuadie is exposing himself to other veiws and better developing a well rounded veiw of the world. |
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| -The issue of Trust is discussed extensively in the Garver Essay. Wether an appeal is deemed rational or coercive completely depends on the audiences trust in the pursuader. In religous argument trust is particularly important since the argument makes absolute truth claims towards a worldveiw. For a religous argument to be effective the speaker must present themselves as trustworthy as well as present his argument as completely rational so that it too can be trusted. Trust is a key element in persuasion to the point that Garver says the amount of trust you have in someone directly relates to wether you deem their argument as rational. If we are to fully be more trustworthy of others as well as have speakers feel obligated to earn our trust persuasion functions more smoothly. |
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• Grew out of the work of Muzafer Sherif
• People compare arguments with their current attitudes and then decide if they should accept the advocated position
• The current attitudes serve as reference points or anchors for evaluations.
• Assimilation effect: When we find attitudes that match our anchor points, we assimilate them
• Contrast effect: When we perceive a contrast among attitudes, we detect a shift away from our anchor points
• How our internal anchors or reference points function in attitude change:
6. latitude of acceptance: the cluster of attitudes that do not conflict with our anchor point. Persuasive messages that fall within the audience’s latitude of acceptance are more likely to be successful
7. latitude of noncommitment: certain messages in this range may be perceived as similar to the anchor point, while those farther along the continuum may be pushed into the unacceptable range by contrast effect. This creates a range between the two and the width of the range can become wider or smaller based on the effectiveness of the persuasion
8. latitude of rejection: the cluster of attitudes that do conflict with our anchor point. Messages that advocate positions in this category will not be accepted and not encourage attitude change
• Implications: Assimilation constitutes persuasion while contrast represents failure to persuade. The beliefs and biases of the target audience are key elements in deciding what type of message will be most effective. The goal of persuasion would be to direct messages to an audience who favors our ideas or is at least noncommittal.
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| Stoakley Carmicheal is a spokes man for the black power movement he is mentioned in the Ego Funtion of the Rhetoric of Protest reading. Carmicheal pointed out the fact that blacks allowed whites to defines who they were as blackmen. Critisised black men for trying to emulate white institutions such as fraternities. He explained that blacks had lost their since of identity and culture through white opression. Through this critisism Carmicheal was encouraging African Americans to reclaim their culture and identity through the Civil Rights movement and in so doing strenghtening their resolve against the status quo. |
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