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| People have feelings and emotions and need a language to represent the feelings they experience (Scientific words can't describe emotions) |
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| (Langer) measurable, scientific, objective, descriptive. Symbols of science |
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| No emphasis on brain but how we respond and our willingness to adapt to what is suggested |
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| So much more going on with humans than just a stimulus or response |
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So set in our ways that hte "Blinder" of a situations leads to our demise.
- So focused on science we forget other areas |
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The things that define you (Religion, job) creep into your everyday life and start visualizing everything through those things (style of talking moves into personal life)
- ie: your job becomes your life |
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| Burkes Definition of Man (5) |
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-Symbol using/misusing
-Inventor of the negative
- Separated from nature by instruments of own means
- Goated by the spirit of hierarchy
- Rotten with perfection |
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| Man is Symbol using/misusing |
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| Interpretation of meaning of words are completely different |
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| Man is inventor of the negative |
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"humans emphasize the negative
- Not originally present in nature
- Law written in the negative |
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| Man is Rotten with perfection |
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-Obsessed with finding the "next best thing"
-we cant say we understand language until we live comfortably in irony |
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| Man is separated from natural condition by instruments of his own means |
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- Social media
- Language is reflexive, use symbols to persuade
- Formation of governments and businesses |
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| Goated by the spirit of hierarchy |
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-moved by a sense of order
-try harder to get ahead
- we create what we think is power and use it to get ahead |
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| Logic of good reason (Fischer) with history and attitue. Understand how people make decisions |
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| Does the story have internal consistency? |
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| Does the story ring true to me? |
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| Single issue, one person starts it and it gets bigger, Things are contained to specific issue |
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| Based on a social, economic conflict, all people want the same problem fixed, container. BRING ABOUT CHANGE |
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| Movements contain campaigns and encompass the campaign (Movement is larger) |
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| Movements: Emergent leaders rise out of the group b/c group votes them in Campaign; Appointed leader before campaign, begins individually |
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| Griffin and social movements |
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- All movements are politically based, are dramas; Politics = drama; men = actors
- Essentially moral
-Audience must participate and believe in the god (Fair) and Devil (unfair) values and terms |
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| Structure/Order of Movements |
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Definition
1. Guilt and negative (Begins)
2. Catharsis (Moves through)
3. Redemption (Ends) |
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| guilt-negative of movement |
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-Rotten with perfection, something is wrong (No parking) and must be fixed
Reform: Able to adjust/change
Destroy: Establish new order
What the movement values |
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| Time of mass decision, destruction of old social hierarchy and formation of a new one |
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People agree on new order.
Gratify followers and society
Actualize perfecting myth of movement |
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Definition
Claim (Fact, value, policy)
Grounds (Data/Evidence)
Warrant (Links)
Backing (Evidence)
Qualifier (Limits argument)
Rebuttal (Exceptions to argument |
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- Its not comparative
- No evaluating items side by side
- New claim = New Argument |
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| The reason why people listen to certain arguments; if it works, it's persuasive |
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| Ideal audience, accepts and believes your position |
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| Specific: Audience you are actually speaking in front of |
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| Want audience to adhere and believe what we say |
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| Change action, do something different than before |
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| Quality someone has, lending emphasis to quality or element at the expense of others |
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| Interactions formally illogical, formally invalid, look logical but aren't |
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| Ex: A chair has to have 4 legs. |
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| Illogical claim but can still be persuasive. Simple and easy for people to understand/believe. Short cut to critical thinking |
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| Most people agree with the claim, therefor it is good and true, the world is flat, bandwagon approach |
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| Argument attacks the person not the claim, You made bad decisions so I can ignore your argument |
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| Feel bad/guilty, you want to redeem yourself and act to stop, bi-passes your logic |
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| Threat is real and must act to save yourself, by-passes logic, texting/driving = death, ADT security |
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| I am the instance to someone else doing it, therefore I shouldnt get in trouble. Everyone else was speeding so I was too, I shouldnt get a ticket |
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| Widely accepted and comfortable, religion (Powerful but not necessarily true) |
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| If we do one thing, the next awful thing will have to happen, not necessarily true, connection isn't logical |
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| There are only two options, either/or. Your either with us or against us |
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| Take a piece of a claim and act as if it is the thing you are going against. death panel and health care issue |
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Assumes relationship that isn't connected
- Increase in crime causes global warming |
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| Justification for the argument is the argument. I should have received an A on this paper because it was a good paper. |
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- Choice button (Images don't give you a fully formed argument or choice
- Would require hard work to determine if picture makes argument
- Must be able to be translated into verbal, is the image making an argument or is the speaker?
- For every visual argument, there is a verbal counterpart BUT for every verbal argument is there an image? |
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| Categories of Evidence (4 types) |
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1. qualitative/quantitative vs. Abstract
2. Objective vs. Subjective |
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| Quantitative/ Qualitative |
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| Point of comparison, shows significance of topic |
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| Emotional response, room for depth and expansion |
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| Rational, not-disputed, neutral |
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| Opinions, inherently biased |
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1. Statistic
2. Testimony
3. Example
4. Narratives
5. Facts |
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Real: You draw on things that actually happen
Hypothetical: Suggestions based on probable reasoning |
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Numerical representation of data
Descriptive: Describes things as they are
Inferential: Use statistics to suggest an outcome |
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Personal
Expert
Lay: Average person testimony |
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| Socially constructed statements we tend to believe and not question THIS IS BAD |
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| Its not the content, but the way it is presented or arranged |
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Definition
1. Scratch your back you scratch mine
2. Foot in the door
3. foot in the mouth
4. Door in the face
5. Bate and Switch
6. Thats not all
7. Legitimizing paltry |
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| I'll scratch your back if you scratch mine |
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| Pre-giving: Give an initial so we can get something later, obligation and reciprocation to avoid guilt |
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| Just need someone to say yes once and your set, extra incentives at the beginning, buy this chair and get a pillow for free |
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| Maintain image you have set and said you would do. Need for maintaining consistency |
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| Shocking someone with bad/big news and come up with a really good second offer, usually say yes because it seems like a better deal |
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| One argument is offered but switched at the last second, you get more in the second offer, already in store - Maintain consistency - Made a decision |
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| looks like sales person is helping you or giving a special deal so you say yes |
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There is value in giving a little, low risk - worth it in the end - feel attachment. Feed child for 10 cents a day
- Small patterned donations form a relationship, then you'll give more |
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1. Ad populum
2. Ad hominem
3. Appeal to pity
4. Appeal to fear
5. Tu Quogue
6. Appeal to tradition
7. Slippery Slope
8. False Dichotomy
9. Strawperson
10. Correlation/Causation
11. Fallacy of Comparison
12. Begging the Question |
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