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| research that examines the function of different parts of the brain and try to determine the timing and physical location of various brain processes |
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| research that examines the effects of fundamental chemicals, neurotransmitters and hormones, on brain processes |
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| the chemicals that allow one neuron to affect, or communicate with, another |
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| a biological chemical that affects parts of the body some distance from where it is produced |
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| nerves that report what the body is doing and feeling; sensory |
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| nerves that direct the actions of all the organs and muscles; motor |
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| neurons that connect nerves to each other; the brain contains the largest bundle |
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| an area of the brain that helps process information from the senses and transmit it to other parts of the brain |
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| a complex structure near the lower center of the brain that has direct connections to many other parts of the brain and is involved in the production of psychologically important hormones; thought to be important for mood and motivation |
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| a structure located near the base of the brain that is believed to play a role in emotion, especially negative emotions such as anger and fear |
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| a complex structure deep within the brain, behind the hypothalamus, that plays an important role in memory processes |
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| the outside portion of an organ; in the context of this book, the reference is to the outer layers of the brain |
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| frontal (cerebral) cortex |
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| the front part of the cortex of the brain; divided left and right into two "lobes," this part of the brain is associated with cognitive functioning such as planning, foresight, and understanding |
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| 3 sources of knowledge about the brain |
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| brain damage, brain stimulation, brain imaging |
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| an area of the brain that produces symptoms of depression when stimulated |
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| electroencephalography (EEG) |
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| a technique of measuring brain electrical activity by placing electrode sensors on the outside of the skull |
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| magnetoencephalography (MEG) |
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| a technique for using delicate magnetic sensors on the outside of the skull to detect brain activity |
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| any of several techniques for making detailed x-rays of a predetermined plane section of a solid object while blurring out the images |
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| computed tomography (CT scans) |
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| a series of X-ray images of the body. The body is X-rayed from many directions and the results are analysed by a computer. The computer generates images of cross-sections (slices) of the body. CT scans show details of the shape and location of soft tissues, as well as bones and blood |
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| positron emission tomography (PET) |
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| a technique for creating images of brain activity by injecting a radioactive tracer into the blood and then finding with a scanner where in the brain the blood is metabolized |
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| functional magnetic resonance imagery (fMRI) |
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| a technique for imaging brain activity by using a powerful magnet to help detect blood flow in the brain |
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| the theory that function of activity in one part of the brain may depend upon what other parts of the brain are doing |
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| ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) |
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| a part of the upper brain stem through which information flows into the brain and stimulates it |
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| somatic marker hypothesis |
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| neurologist Antonio Damasio's idea that the bodily (somatic), emotional component of thought is a necessary part of problem solving and decision making |
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| a rare disorder in which a person holds a delusional belief that an acquaintance, usually a spouse or other close family member, has been replaced by an identical looking impostor; believed to stem from injuries to the right frontal lobe |
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| the thick bundle of nerve fibers connecting the right and left halves of the brain |
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| the front part of a brain structure that runs from the front to the back of the brain in the middle, just above the corpus callosum; believed to be important for the experience of normal emotion and self-control, appears important for computing mismatches between expected and actual states of the world |
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| the rear part of a brain structure that runs from the front to the back of the brain in the middle, just above the corpus callosum; believed to be important for processing information about time and space and in reacting rapidly to threatening situations |
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| modest lobotomy originally performed by Antonio Egas Moniz: surgical interruption of nerve tracts to and from the frontal lobe of the brain; often results in marked cognitive and personality changes |
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| circuit including the lateral prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, the medial temporal lobe and the posterior parietal cortex; involved in effortful, reflective thinking about the self and others |
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| circuit including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the amygdala, and the lateral temporal cortex; involved in effortless, reflexive social thought |
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| the ancient Greek theory that a person's health and personality were determined by the balance of four basic fluids in the body: blood (optimism), phlegm (apathy), yellow bile/choler (anger), and black bile (depression). A dominance of any fluid would cause extremes in behavior |
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| cells of the nervous system that are involved in transmitting sensations from the body to the brain, analyzing them with feelings, memories and plans in the brain, and sending behavioral instructions back to the body |
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| the chemicals that allow one neuron to affect, or communicate with, another |
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| the space between two neurons across which impulses are carried by neurotransmitters |
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| the main neurotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system; in the brain it is associated with responses to stress |
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| a neurotransmitter in the brain that plays in imporant role in positive affect and response to reward |
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| a neurotransmitter within the brain that plays in important role in the regulation of emotion and motivation |
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| the brain and spinal cord |
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| peripheral nervous system |
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| the system of nerves throughout the boy, not including the brain and spinal cord |
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| the body's own pain-killing chemicals, which operate by blocking the transmission of pain messages |
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| an enzyme which, in the brain, breaks down certain neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine |
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| a neurotransmitter in the brain and also a hormone that is released by the adrenal gland as part of the body's response to stress |
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| the idea that if a threat is one that you have a realistic chance of overcoming you will stand and fight, but if the situation seems hopeless you will run away; caused by stress due to an "adrenaline rush" brought about by a rise in epinephrine and norepinephrine levels |
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| tend-and-befriend response |
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| a behavioural pattern exhibited by human beings and some animal species when under threat. It refers to protection of offspring (tending) and seeking out of the social group for joint protection (befriending) |
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| a hormone that may have specific effects in women of emotional attachment and calming |
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| reward deficiency syndrome |
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| a failure of the system that normally confers satisfaction, resulting in behavior such as overeating, heavy cigarette smoking, drug and alcohol abuse, gambling, and hyperactivity.\'caThe syndrome has been linked to dysfunction of dopamine receptors |
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| a neurotransmitter within the brain that plays an important role in the regulation of emotion and motivation |
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| insufficient serotonin levels; symptoms include irrational anger, hypersensitivity to rejection, chronic pessimism, obsessive worry, and fear of risk taking |
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| a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, designed to make negative emotions disappear less severe while leaving positive emotions unaffected |
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| cosmetic psychopharmacology |
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| the use of drugs to improve cognition in normal healthy individuals, for the purpose of enhancement rather than treatment of a formal pathology |
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Definition
| a biological chemical that affects parts of the body some distance from where it is produced |
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| a complex structure near the lower center of the brain that has direct connections to many other parts of the brain and is involved in the production of psychologically important hormone; thought to be important for mood and motivation |
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Definition
| the glands, testes in men and ovaries in women, that produce the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen, respectively |
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| the male hormone which is released by both the adrenal gland and the testicles, promotes the development of male characteristics |
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| a group of hormones produced by the ovary, placenta, and testes that also stimulate secondary sexual characteristics in males and females; plays an important role in a woman's menstrual cycle |
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| the outer layer of the adrenal gland, atop te kidneys, that secretes several behaviorally important hormones |
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| synthetic testosterone thats effects include not only speedier muscle development but also a whole host of troublesome side effects including erratic and uncontrolled aggressiveness and sexuality |
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| the body's natural stress-fighting and anti-inflammatory hormone released into the bloodstream by the adrenal cortex; part of the body's preparation of action |
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