Term
| Sulloway's Personality and Birth Order - First-borns and only children |
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Definition
More responsible, ambitious, organised, academically successful, energetic, self-disciplined, conscientious
More temperamental, more anxious about their status
More assertive, dominant |
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Term
| Sulloway's Personality and Birth Order - Middle-borns |
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Definition
More rebellious and impulsive, Less conscientious
Less closely identified with family, Less likely to report having been loved as a child
Less likely to ask for parental help in an emergency, More likely to live farther from parents and less likely to visit parents (Salmon, 1999; Salmon & Daley, 1998; Saroglou & Fiasse, 2003) |
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Term
| Sulloway's Personality and Birth Order - Later-borns |
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Definition
More agreeable and warmer, More tender-minded, easy-going, trusting, accommodating, altruistic
More adventurous, prone to fantasy, attracted by novelty, untraditional
More sociable,
affectionate, excitement-seeking, fun-loving
More self-conscious (Saroglou & Fiasse, 2003; Sulloway, 1996) |
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Term
| Personality and Birth Order like to Socialisation |
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Definition
- Would be new parents to the first child and would try different things to figure out what works and doesn’t, so when they have the second child their parenting would have changed and become more concise
- May not only have to do with birth order but instead to do with the way that people respond with the first and second child which allows opportunities of being rebellious |
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Term
| Personality and Gender - Females |
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Definition
- More empathic- ability to connect to other people (Socialisation- encouraged to lay together and interact nicely)
- More neurotic (may be due to socialization)
- Greater social connectedness |
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Term
| Personality and Gender - Males |
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Definition
- Greater individuality - autonomy (Socialization- encouraged to be more active and do individual activates)
- More aggressive
- More assertive |
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Term
| Personality and Gender Discussion |
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Definition
- Personality differences between females and males are not very different e.g. extroversion levels between both genders are quite similar
- See less of a difference nowadays, but is still evident that both genders are treated differently. E.g. If a girl falls of her bike and starts crying, she is comforted and told it is ok to cry. If a boy falls off he is usually encouraged to get up and push through it.
- Perhaps what we see doesn’t have to do mainly with personality, but instead with culture and the way that you are socialized. Because in some cultures there are behaviors that are valued and respected for a certain gender, and in others they are not. |
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Term
| Main point about Personality and Gender |
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Definition
| It is Society, Socialization and expectation that have the most impact rather than the genetic levels of differences in terms of differences between genders, and there will be more differences within the group that between the two groups. |
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Term
| Difficulty when comparing Personality and Culture |
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Definition
| - If you are looking at the language that one culture uses, you are coming up with different words to describe aspects with that language. But when you take this same personality test and start applying it to different cultures, that is when you start having difficulties as there are certain traits that are not evident in other cultures or the word used to describe a trait is not used in another culture. |
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Term
| Personality and Culture - Collectivist Culture |
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Definition
- Chinese, African, Latin American, Arab cultures
- Focus on the needs of the group (e.g. may score higher on agreeableness because their culture encourages them to agree with a certain group and certain rules) |
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Term
| Personality and Culture - Individualist Culture |
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Definition
- United States, Canada, Great Britain, Australia
- Focus on needs of the individual (e.g. would not score too high in agreeableness because their ideas tend to be more important than their group’s ideas) |
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Term
| Personality and Culture Discussion |
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Definition
- More to do with their upbringing and how they were raised, also to do with socialisation, political and religious beliefs
- Our experiences that help shape our personality are very much influences by our life and these things influence how our personality develops and how we would respond to a personality test
- McCraw and Costa believed that perhaps those differences are due to social desirability for their culture
- Could be elements of genetics but is hard to measure due to very similar environments for most participants |
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Term
| Personality and Culture - Socialisation effect |
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Definition
| That particular traits tend to be valued and are reinforced in childhood, you are exposed to them throughout your adult life and therefore more likely to exhibit personality traits that are seen as valued by a particular culture. |
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