Term
| Freud believed in psychological determinism, wha is this? |
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Definition
The view that all behaviour has an underlying psychological cause.
Two major drives are the primary motivating forces of human behaviour:
- Sex
- Aggression
Believed that every behaviour we do links back to wanting to have sex or being aggressive |
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Term
| Three levels of consciousness developed by Freud |
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Definition
1. CONCIOUS level - Normal awareness, what we know and think about.
2. PRECONCIOUS level - Easily brought to consciousness. Something we don’t usually think about all the time, but if we are asked about it it is easily thought about.
3. UNCONCIOUS level - Hidden thoughts and desires. Things that we are not consciously aware of but do influence our behaviour, decisions and beliefs.Would have to engage in psych analysis o bring this out. |
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Term
| What were Freud's three reaction patterns at different levels? |
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Definition
1. The Id
2. The Ego
3. The Superego |
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Term
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Definition
- The unconscious level
- Is present at birth/born with it
- Home to sexual and aggressive drive
- "We want something and wan it now, and will do what it takes to get it"
- Governed by the 'Pleasure Principle'
- E.g. I want a chocolate bar so I am going to take it and eat it |
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Term
| What is the Pleasure Principle? |
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Definition
| Desire for gratification of our needs, reduction of pain and discomfort regardless of the consequences |
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Term
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Definition
- Conscious, precocious and unconscious levels
- Develops in childhood (before superego)
- Very childlike
- Once the superego develops, the Ego acts as a referee between id and superego
- Cognitive functions - problem solving etc.
- Governed by the 'Reality Principle'
- Ego will problem solve to get what you want
- E.g. Maybe you should not eat the chocolate bar because you have already eaten one yesterday |
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Term
| What is the Reality Principle? |
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Definition
| Know that you can’t just take it, you should negotiate and be realistic of what the world requires around you |
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Term
| The Superego Reaction pattern |
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Definition
- Preconcious and unconscious levels
- Develops in childhood
- Home to mortality and conscience, sits in judegement
- Ego ideal - ULTIMATE STANDARD (judge the Ego and Id for their behaviour
E.g. Why did you eat that chocolate bar you fool? |
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Term
| Freud's Personality Development Principles |
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Definition
1) We must pass through psychosexual stages successfully.
- Each stage focuses on how we receive pleasure
- Within our childhood we go through stages with challenges, and in times of stress we regress to an earlier stage.
2) Failure to pass through a stage leads to fixation
- Energy will be caught on this earlier stage, so when we move to the next stage the energy from previous stage will still be there
- Fixation can result in a neurosis (abnormal behavior pattern), which is created by conflict by Id, Ego and Superego
- Neurosis can lead to a break in reality which is called psychosis |
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Term
| Freud's Psychosexual Stages |
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Definition
1) Oral stage (birth to 1 year)
2) Anal stage (1 to 3 years)
3) Phallic stage (3 to 6 years)
4) Latency period (6 to puberty)
5) Genital stage (puberty +) |
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Term
| Oral stage (birth to 1 year) - Freud's Psychosexual Stages |
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Definition
- Locus of pleasure for the infant is on the mouth (using the mouth to feed)
- Developmental task is weaning from breastfeeding to solid foods
- If you were harshly removed from mother’s breast, those individuals could become orally fixated (e.g. would do a lot of thumb sucking, smoking cigars, chewing on a toothpick) |
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Term
| Anal stage (1 to 3 years) - Freud's Psychosexual Stages |
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Definition
- Locus of pleasure is the anus
- Developmental task is toilet training
- Neurosis could occur if child is very harshly treated during toilet training
- Fixation on toileting |
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Term
| Phallic stage (3 to 6 years) - Freud's Psychosexual Stages |
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Definition
- Children commonly say that they are going to marry their mum or dad, but we know it’s children just making sense for the world around them.
The Oedipus Complex: Boys from a young age have a deep sense of love for their mother, but actual love and sexual attraction and wanted to grow up and be with their mother.. Father is competition so have to fight their father and marry their mother. Father will realise this and the father will punish the son by castrating him. Causes castrating anxiety, so that the son now realises that they can’t have mum so they must change their thinking. Focus attention on their father and strategically align themselves with their father in a position of power. Renounce love for their mother, make peace with their father, and they chose to identify with a possession of power, and develop a superior sense of strong Superego.
Female complex was aligned with the Electra complex. Very young girls have feeling of jealousy and anger towards their mother because they did not provide them with a penis, and because the mother herself does not have a penis. Start to focus with their father and must align with their father. Female has to become identified with their mother, and both stay fixated of penis envy. Due to this fixation have a weaker Superego
- Men are stronger at psychological stage as they have dealt with this conflict but females ae still fixated. |
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Term
| Latency period (6 to puberty) - Freud's Psychosexual Stages |
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Definition
- No particular locus of pleasure
- Repression of sexual urges into socially accepted activities
- Drive is still for aggression and sex
- But will repress need for sex and will redirect it for a socially acceptable thing |
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Term
| Genital stage (puberty +) - Freud's Psychosexual Stages |
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Definition
- Locus is genitals
- Developmental task is the formation of a mature, sexual relationship |
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Term
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Definition
Unconscious attempts to prevent unacceptable thoughts from reaching conscious awareness. So that we don’t enter from neurosis to psychosis, we have to press these feelings down with:
- Denial: have threatening thoughts, and deny and believe they do not exist
- Intellectualization: threatening thoughts are kept at arm’s length by acknowledging only the facts and ignoring the emotions
- Projection: threatening thoughts are projected onto other people e.g. being attracted to your neighbor is a threatening thought, so when partner gets home blame them for having those similar desires
- Rationalization: threatening thoughts are justified by actions e.g. I won’t bother studying for test because I will study hard for the exam
- Reaction formation: unconsciously change your thoughts about someone
- Repression: ‘forget’ to think about something
- Sublimation: threatening thoughts are directed into more socially acceptable activities e.g. boxing to get rid of your aggression instead of actually fighting someone
- Undoing: use your actions to try undo a threatening wish or thought, try do one action to try ‘undo’ an other action
At different levels of consciousness we are engaging in these sets of defence mechanisms. |
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Term
| Freud’s Followers - Carl Jung |
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Definition
- Agreed with idea of levels of unconsciousness
- Differed on focus of sexuality in terms of personality so developed Collective unconscious – people as a society have a storehouse of memories that are common across human kind, and symbols that people represent across the world e.g. God or notion of a mother |
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Term
| Freud’s Followers - Alfred Adler |
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Definition
- People should not strive for superiority because they can develop an iinferiority complex
- Oedipus conflux was not universal, and only if the child was overindulged by the parent of the opposite sex |
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Term
| Freud’s Followers - Karen Horney |
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Definition
- Disagreed on idea of sex and aggression being the basis of personality
- Believed that individuals children can develop basic anxiety if there is no care of the child
- Not that female want a penis, it is that they want the status that men have in society which is Privilege envy |
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Term
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Definition
Not scientific - Hard to test, based on small subject group theories
Too broad - Claims are hard to falsify
Based on limited sample - Female patients, Upper class, 19th-century Vienna |
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