tend to feel a sense of time pressure and are easily angered
Competitive and amibitious; they work hard and pay hard

but are at higher risk of heart disease

One's personality was set in early childhood.

He proposed a psychosexual stage theory of personality

development is thought to be discontinuous through stage theories.

Freud believed that people's behavior is controlled by the unconscious.

Freud believed that boys used the defense mechanism of identification

when a person emulates and attaches themselves to an individual who they believe threatenes them.

It serves as a dual purpose: from fearing their fathers and to break away from their mothers

after phallic stage, children enter it

they push all their sexual feelings out of conscious awareness

Children turn their attention to other issues. They start school, where they learn both how to interact with others and a myriad of academic skills

proposed by Freud as part of personality

contains instincts and psychic energy

propelled by the pleasure principle: it wants immediate gratification. It exists mainly in the unconscious mind

Babies are propelled solely by their ids. They cry whenever they want something

Part of Freud's personaility

follows the reality principle, its jobs is to negotiate between the desires of the id and the limitations of the environment

The ego is partly in the conscious mind and partly in the unconscious mind

It protects the conscious mind from the threateneing thoughts buried in teh unconscious. It uses defense mechanism to help protect the conscious mind

operates on both the conscious and unconscious level

Childrne begin to develop a conscience and to think about what is right and wrong

the ego acts as a mediator between the id and the superego

Ex) As you cram for that midterm, the id tells you to go to sleep because you are tired or to go to that party because it will be fun. The superego tells you to study because it is the right thing to do. The ego makes some kind of compromise

Part of Defense Mechanism

Pushing thoughts out of conscious awareness

Ex) when asked how he feels about the breakup with Muffy, Biff replies, "Who? Oh, yeah i haven't thought about her in a while"

Part of defense mechanism

Not accepting the ego-threatening truth

Biff continues to act as if he and Muffy are still together. He waits by her locker, calls her every night, and plans their future dates

Part of Defense Mechanism

Redirecting one's feeling toward another person or object. Ex) Biff could displace his feelings or anger and resentment onto his little brother, pet hamster, or football

Part of Defense Mechanism

Believing that the feelings one has toward someone else are actuall held by the other person and directed at oneself.

Bigg insists that Muffy still cares for him

part of Defense Mechanism

Expressing the opposite of how one truly feels

Biff claims he hates Muffy

Part of Defense Mechanism

Returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior.

Biff begins to sleep with his favoirte childhood stuffed animal

Part of Defense Mechanism

Coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable occurrence

Biff believes that he can now find a better girlfriend. Muffy is not really all that pretty, smrat, and fun to be with.

Part of Defense Mechanism

Undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic

Biff embarks on an in-depth research project about failed teen romances

Part of Defense Mechanism

Channeling one's frustration toward a different goal. Sublimation is viewed as a particularly healthy defense mechanism

Biff devotes himself to writing poetry and publishes a small volume before he graduates high school

Little evidence to support it such as the unconscious mind

Little predictive power. It does not allow us to predict what problems an individual might develop ahead of time.

Overestimating the importance of early childhood and sex.

Feminists find it to be objectionable. The example of penis envy show Frued's assumption of men's superiority

Many people accept the idea taht children are sexual creatures and that our behavior is shaped by unconscious thoughts

Big impact on culture

Invented many terms

Plays a prominent role in the arts

Ideas and theories that offshoots of psychoanalytic theory

Also known as Neo-Freudian

Two famous psychodynamic theories are Carl Jugn and Alfred Adler

Jung Proposed the unconscious into 2 different parts : personal unconscious and collective unconscious

more similar to Freud's view of the unconscious. Carl Jung believed that an individual's personal unconsciopus contains the painful or threatening memories and thoughts the person does not wish to confront: he called these Complexes

Ego psychologist

focused on the conscious role of the ego

believed that people are motivated by the fear of failure, known as inferiority, and the desire to achieve, superiority

We can describe people's personalitites by specifying their main characteristiics, or traits

statisticial technique used to reduce the vast number of different terms we use to describe people to 16 or five basic traits

allows the researchers to use correlations between traits in order to see which traits cluster together as factors

If there is a strong correlation, then one can argue that a trait represent a personality

theorists who assert that using the same set of terms to classify all people is impossible

they argue, each person needs to be seen in terms of what few traits best characterize hsi or her unique self

desribes personality

have a larger influence on personality than secondary

are more apparent and describe a more significant aspect of personality

measures of the percentage of a trait that is inherited

Ex) height

defined as thier emotional style and characteristic way of dealing with the world.

Psychologists and laypeople alike have long notived that infants seem to differ immediately at birth. Some welcome new stimuli whereas others seem more fearful. Some seem extremely active and emotional while others are calmer.

William Sheldon

identified 3 body types : endomorphs (fat, mesomorphs (muscular), and ectomorphs (thin).

Certain personality traits were associated with each of the body types

his methodology is questionable and only shows a correlation and does not show that biology shapes personality

Behaviorists believe that personality is determined by behavior

By changing people's environments, behaviorists believe we can aler their personalities

Albert Bandura

personality is created by an interaction between the person (traits), the environment, and the person's behavior

Albert Bandura

People are optimistic about their own ability to get things done

George Kelly

Argued that people, in their attempts to understand thier world, develop their own, individual systems of personal constructs

George Kelly

states taht people's behavior is influenced by their cognitions and that by knowing how people have behaved in the past, we can predict how they will act in the future.

Julian Rotter

having either an internal or an external locus of control

People with internal locus of control feel as if they are responsible for what happens to them

People with external locus control believe that luck and other ofrces outside of thier own control determine their destinies

view people as innately good and able to determine thier own destinies through the exercise of free will. These pscyhologists stress the importance of people's subjective experience and feelings

a person's global geeling abot himself and herself

develops through a person's involement with others, especially parents

Someone with a positive self-concept is likely to have high self-esteem

often used by psychoanalysts. They involve asking people to interpret ambiguous stimuli

Ex) Ink blots- Rorschach inkblot test and

TAT cards

scoring these projective tests is a complicated process

It is not widely accepted as a valid measure of personality