Term
| Behavioral modification or behavior therapy |
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Definition
| a therapeutic approach in which conditioning processes are used to change behavior |
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Definition
| an assessment made by observing a person's overt behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the pairing of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
| conditioned or conditional stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| a neutral stimulus that's paired with a US to become conditioned. |
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Term
| conditioned or conditional response (CR) |
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Definition
| a response to the CS that's acquired by classical conditioning |
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Term
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Definition
| programs in which reinforcement is increased for desired behaviors and with held after undesired behaviors. |
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Definition
| a schedule in which reinforcement follows each instance of the behavior. |
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Definition
| a model that displays fear but ultimately handles it |
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Definition
| the linking of an emotion to a stimulus that differs from the emotion the stimulus now causes |
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Definition
| responding in a different manner to different stimuli |
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| a cue that controls the occurrence of behavior |
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Definition
| confidence of being able to do something successfully |
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Term
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Definition
| classical conditioning in which the CR is an emotional reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| treatments in which people stay focused on the distressing topic until well after their anxiety reaction dissipates |
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Term
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Definition
| in classical conditioning , the reduction of a CR by repeating the CS without the US; in instrumental conditioning, the reduction of a behavioral tendency by removing reinforcement |
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Definition
| responding in a similar manner to somewhat different stimuli |
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Definition
| the ordering of a person's potential responses by their likelihood |
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Term
| higher-order conditioning |
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Definition
| an event in which a former CS now acts as a US in a new instance of conditioning. |
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Term
| instrumental or operant conditioning |
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Definition
| conditioning in which a behavior becomes more likely because it's followed by a desirable event or less likely because it's followed by an undesirable event |
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Definition
| a model that displays no fear |
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Definition
| the removal of an aversive stimulus. |
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Definition
| acquiring the ability to do a new behavior by watching someone else do it |
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Definition
| a judgement about how likely a specific behavior is to attain a specific goal |
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Term
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Definition
| a schedule in which the behavior is reinforced less often than every time it occurs. |
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Term
| partial reinforcement effect |
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Definition
| the fact that a behavior acquired through partial reinforcement is resistant to extinction |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of practicing a behavior that's hard for you while using the therapist as a model |
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Term
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Definition
| an inappropriately intense fear of some specific class of stimuli |
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Definition
| the measuring of physiological aspects of emotional reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| a reinforcement involving the addition of a desired stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| an undesired event that makes the behavior that came before it less likely to occur. |
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Definition
| an event in which a stimulus produces an automatic response |
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Term
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Definition
| an event that makes the behavior that came before it more likely to occur again |
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Definition
| the regulation and sometimes restraint of one's own activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| the approval you give yourself for your own behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| the absence or insufficiency of a needed behavior or skill |
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Term
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Definition
| praise, liking, acceptance, or approval received from someone else |
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Term
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Definition
| models in print, movies, tv, and so on |
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Term
| systematic desensitization |
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Definition
| a therapeutic procedure intended to extinguish fear. |
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Term
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Definition
| a punishment in which a child is temporarily removed from an enjoyable activity |
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Term
| unconditioned or unconditional response (UR) |
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Definition
| a reflexive response to an unconditioned stimulus. |
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Term
| unconditioned or unconditional stimulus (US) |
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Definition
| a stimulus that causes a reflexive (unconditioned) response. |
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Term
| vicarious classical conditioning |
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Definition
| conditioning in which the unconditioned response occurs via empathy |
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Term
| vicarious emotional arousal |
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Definition
| the tendency to feel someone else's feelings along with him or her; also called empathy |
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Term
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Definition
| an event in which a reinforcement experienced by someone else has a reinforcing effect on your own behavior. |
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Definition
| the process of making a judgment about the cause or causes of an event. |
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Definition
| self-related internal dialogue that often interferes with behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| the pattern of situation-behavior links the person has established over time and experiences in some specific domain |
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Term
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Definition
| procedures used to assess cognitive processes, mental structures, and contents of consciousness |
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Term
| cognitive restructuring or reframing |
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Definition
| the process of taking a different and more positive view of your experience |
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Term
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Definition
| procedures aimed at reducing cognitive distortions and distress that results from them |
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Definition
| negative patterns of thinking about the self, the world, and the future |
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Term
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Definition
| an approach to understanding cognition based on the metaphor of interconnected neurons |
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Definition
| something assumed to be true until you learn otherwise |
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Term
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Definition
| models assuming two different modes of cognition- one effortful, one automatic |
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Term
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Definition
| memory organized according to sequences of events |
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Term
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Definition
| a specific example of a category member |
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Term
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Definition
| a category defined by a set of attributes that aren't absolutely necessary for membership |
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Definition
| associations between things in memory that aren't directly accessible |
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Definition
| neurons that are active both when perceiving an action and when doing the action |
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Definition
| an area of memory that stores some element of information |
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Definition
| a personal mental representation used to interpret events |
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Definition
| an image of yourself in the future |
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Definition
| activating an element in memory by using the information contained in it, leaving it partly activated. |
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Definition
| knowledge about doing, about engaging in specific behaviors and mental manipulations |
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Definition
| the representation of a category in terms of the best member of the category |
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Definition
| an organization of knowledge in memory |
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Definition
| a memory structure used to represent a highly stereotyped category of events |
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Definition
| the degree to which your self-schema is differentiated and compartmentalized |
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Definition
| the schematic representation of the self |
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Definition
| memory organized according to meaning |
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Definition
| cognitive processes that focus on socially meaningful stimuli |
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Definition
| occurring too fast to be consciously recognized. |
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Definition
| the way you think of or label whatever action you are performing |
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Definition
| a personal evaluation of the likely outcome of an action and the desirability of that outcome |
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Term
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Definition
| a mechanism that compares two values to each other |
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Term
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Definition
| a careful mindset used while deciding whether to take an action |
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Term
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Definition
| to cease and put aside self-regulation with regard to some goal |
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Definition
| an organization of feedback loops, in which superordinate loops act by providing reference values to subordinate loops |
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Definition
| the intention to attain some particular outcome |
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Definition
| regulation around a constant, steady state |
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Definition
| a positively biased mindset that's used while implementing an intention to act |
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Definition
| the intention to take specific actions in specific contexts |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of creating a plan to attain an overall goal (end) by breaking it into successively more concrete goals (means) |
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Term
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Definition
| a self-regulating system that maintains conformity to some comparison value |
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Definition
| a broad, abstract action quality that could be displayed in any of several programs |
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Term
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Definition
| a guideline for the actions that take place in some category of events (as a script) |
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Term
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Definition
| your impression of how relevant others value an action and your interest in pleasing them |
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Definition
| stimuli presented too quickly to be consciously recognized |
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Definition
| a very abstract guide for behavior, such as an ideal sense of self |
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Term
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Definition
| screening out a threatening stimulus before it enters awareness |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that some conditioning is easy, because the animal is biologically prepared for it to happen. |
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