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| a pattern of relatively consistent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person's behavior |
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| Characteristic ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving |
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| Starting point for therapists |
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| case studies of troubled people |
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| Starting point for academic psychologists |
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empirical studies of groups of people
interviews or psychological testing |
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| looking at one's own experience and generalizing to others |
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| the total human experience |
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| a set of related assumptions which can generate testable hypotheses |
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| organization and classification of units |
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| How to evaluate usefulness of a theory (7 points) |
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Definition
-ability to generate research
-ability to organize data and integrate elements of what we know
-guides action
-falsifiable
-internally consistent
-parsimony
-phenomenological validity |
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| ability to be confirmed or disconfirmed. To be falsifiable, a theory must be precise enough to suggest research that may either support or fail to support its major tenets. |
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| individual differences in behavior, consistency of behavior over time, stability of behavior across situations |
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| unique qualities of individual that include temperament, physique, and intelligence |
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| set of related assumptions that allows scientists to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypotheses |
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| six dimensions or perspectives of human nature |
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Definition
determinism vs free will
pessimism vs optimism
causality vs teleology
conscious vs unconscious
heredity vs environment
uniqueness vs similarities |
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| explanation of behavior in terms of future goals or purposes |
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construct: convergent, divergent, discriminant
predictive |
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| measures internal consistency between halves of test |
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| the extent to which it measures some hypothetical construct. (ex: aggressiveness, intelligence, emotional stability) |
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| disorder characterized by paralysis or improper functioning of certain body parts |
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| forcing undesirable id impulses into unconscious |
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| reverting back to an earlier stage |
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| repressed impulse adopts a disguise directly opposite its original form |
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| redirecting unacceptable urges onto a variety of people or objects so that the original impulse is disguised |
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| repression of genital aim by substituting a cultural aim. Creative art and music or part of relationships. Useful for individual and social group. |
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attributing unwanted impulse to an external object
paranoia is extreme projection characterized by powerful delusions of jealousy and persecution |
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| physical symptoms, psychological factors for motor function problems, not intentional, not explained medically, distress |
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| history of physical complaints in many areas, not intentional nor medically explained |
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she alternated btwn anxiety and depression, abusive, hallucinations, partial paralysis, mute for 2 weeks
day-night rhythm
Breur used catharsis and after she recalled the story of the dog drinking from her glass she became symptom free |
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| intense blocked emotion continues to operate unconsciously and can produce symptoms |
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| permanent attachment of the libido onto an earlier more primitive stage of development |
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| people incorporate positive qualities of another person into their own ego. Eg. adopting the mannerisms or values of a movie star. Permits inflated sense of self-worth |
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sadism: need for sexual pleasure by inflicting pain or humiliation
masochism: sexual pleasure from suffering pain/humiliation |
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| apprehension about an unknown danger |
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| stems from conflict btwn ego and superego |
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| fear, nonspecific feeling involving possible danger |
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| Freud's Stages of Development |
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Definition
0-5 infantile stage
latency
genital
maturity |
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orderliness, stinginess, and obstinancy
typifies an adult anal character |
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provinces of the mind
levels of mental life |
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Definition
provinces: id ego superego
levels: unconscious preconscious and conscious |
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| demonstrated that hysterical symptoms could be removed or restored with hypnosis |
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| suffered grimaces, pain, insomnia, hallucinations. very wealthy. during catharsis she spoke about fear of elevator and then cancel massage due to menstruation. connection: ovarian pain. misplaced anxiety |
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leg pain, couldn't hypnotize, concentration technique
memory of guilt after walking with man instead of caring for father. then later underlying guilt was really about brother in law |
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| raised wealthy. sick child. older brother. cared for social change. children's mental health. NOT student of freud. focused on inferiority and superiority. liked america |
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| Statements of individual psychology **6 |
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Definition
1. the one dynamic force behind people's behavior is the striving for success or superiority
2.people's subjective perceptions shape their behavior and personality
3. personality is unified and self consistent
4. the value of all human activity must be seen from the viewpoint of social interest
5. the self-consistent personality structure develops into a person's style of life
6. style of life is molded by people's creative power |
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| Adler: either personal superiority or success for humankind. Fictional and no objective existence. greatly significant unifies personality and renders behavior comprehensible. |
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| Adler's theory development |
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Definition
-organ inferiority
-masculine protest
-strive for superiority
-healthy and loved children grow to have normal feelings of inferiority and will strive for success, completeness, and social interest...pampered/neglected children have exaggerated inferiority leading to strive for personal superiority |
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expectations of the future
subjective perceptions of reality |
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| each person is unique and indivisible |
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body part is speaking more expressively than words.
eg. person with arthritis. hands are saying "see my handicap. you can't expect me to do manual work. sympathize" |
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| social interest (Gemeinschaftgefuhl) |
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| social feeling or oneness with all humanity. a person with well developed social interest strives not for personal superiority but for perfection for all people in an ideal community |
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| includes a person's goal, self-concept, feelings for others, and attitude toward the world. product of heredity, environment, and a person's creative power established by age 5 |
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people's ability to freely shape their behavior and create their own personality
places one in control of their life |
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Definition
consistant approaches to situations
ruling/dominant, getting/leaning, avoidant/disengaged, socially useful |
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| ruling/dominant style of life |
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Definition
| manipulate, high activity and low social interest |
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| looks to others, low activity low social interest |
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| very low social interest and very low activity |
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| high activity high social interest |
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patterns of behavior to protect exaggerated sense of self-esteem against public disgrace. They enable people to hide their inflated self-image.
-excuses, aggression, withdrawal |
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Definition
-exaggerated physical deficiencies
-pampered style of life
-neglected style of life |
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Definition
protects fragile self-esteem in forma os
depreciation: criticism or rescuing
accusation: blaming
and self-accusation: self-torture |
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| -moving backwards -standing still -hesitating -constructing obstacles |
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| recalled memories yield cues for understanding patient's style of life. |
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| family history of either mysticism or mental illness. as child had two personalities, one of old man. |
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| Jung's theory of personality rests on the assumption that occult phenomena influence all lives. |
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| dispositions which result from the common experiences of generations |
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all of a personal nature that isnt conscious
complexes= ideas connected by emotion |
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| what you let into your conscious |
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ancient images derived from the collective unconscious
predispose us to act in certain ways |
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Definition
the side of personality that people show to the world
refers to masks |
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Definition
archetype of darkness and repression, represents qualities we do not wish to acknowledge but attempt to hide from ourselves and others
taming our animal instincts result in loss of spontaneity, creativity, and strong emotions |
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| striving to know our shadow |
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anima- female in male
animus- male in female
sexis concepts, reason for passionate attraction |
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| fertility and nourishment as well as power and destruction |
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| wisdom and meaning, symbolizes preexisting knowledge of life's mysteries |
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| universal motif in religions |
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pulls together all the archetypes.
growth, perfection, completion: self-realization/individuation
mandala symbol |
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Definition
| adaptation to the outside world involves the forward flow of psychic energy |
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Definition
| adaptation to the inner world relies on a backward flow of psychic energy |
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Definition
a predisposition to act or react in a characteristic direction.
introverted/extroverted |
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| Adler's 4 functions or types |
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Definition
| sensing, thinking, feeling, intuting |
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tells people that something exists. focuses on awareness of sensory experiences
extrovert: proof reader, wine taster
introvert: painter, classical musician |
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sense of context. awareness of big picture, pattern, more unconscious, knowing without knowing how you know
extrovert: inventors who concentrate on unconscious solutions... create something that few people realized needed to be made
introvert: mystics, prophets |
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Definition
recognize meaning. analysis, connect ideas
extravert: engineer, accountant
introvert: philosopher, inventor |
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Definition
gives value or worth, accepting or rejecting
extrovert: uses data for evaluation, real estate appraisers
introvert: evaluates on subjective criteria. art critic. |
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Definition
Jung used during self-analysis and with patients.
begin with any image, vision, picture or fantasy and concentrate on following images freely |
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Definition
primary developmental task: attainment of an internalized representation of self and others
early representations influence later relationships
roots of identity, ego strength, and conflict resolution occur in the first 3 years |
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| Mahler's Developmental Stages and substages |
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Definition
Normal Autism, Normal symbiosis, Period of Separation and Individuation
-differentiation
-practicing
-rapprochement
-libidinal object constancy |
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Definition
1st month
largely unresponsive to external stimuli
operate on instinct, mostly sleepy
undifferentiated between self and others, just sensations |
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Term
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Definition
2-5 months
lap baby, face-face play.
merged representation of self and caretaker
requires sensitivity to cues of needs, tensions, and pleasures
firm symbiosis leads to confident expectation of world |
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Term
| substage 1 (differentiation) |
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Definition
5-10
attention focuses outward, look/point and explore. push off. specific smile of recognition
separation anxiety and specific attachments
signals beginnings of individuation |
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Definition
10-16 months
love affair with the world
moves away from mother but returns periodically
symbiotic dual unity
sense of grandiosity in self merged with mothers magical powers (kiss makes it better) |
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Term
| substage 3 (rapprochement) |
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Definition
16-24 months
increased mastery of locomotion and cognition
following behavior, more aware of separateness, sharing
dependence and independence in sharp conflict
period of working out realities:
separation, subject to parents powers, parents not all good or all bad, limited control over world |
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Term
| substage 4 (arriving at full object consistency) |
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Definition
24-36 months
first attempts at influence
achieve realistic internal representations |
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Definition
object relations theorist
attachment theory: attachments formed during childhood have an important impact on adulthood
observed separation anxiety in three stages: protest, despair, detachment |
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| Mary Ainsworth basic info |
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Definition
object- relations theorist
experimentally addressed same issues as Mahler observed
Strange Situation
Attachment styles: secure, resistant, avoidant, disorganized |
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Term
| object relation theories assume... |
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Definition
| that the mother-child relationship during the first 4 or 5 months is the most critical time for personality development |
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| Horney's psychoanalytic social theory |
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Definition
| social and cultural conditions, especially childhood experiences, shape personality. People who do not have their needs for love and affection satisfied during childhood (basic psychological evil) develop basic hostility toward their parent and consequently suffer from basic anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
neo-freudiam in sense of free association, dreams, emphasis on early childhood. Not sex/aggression or oedipal complex
More neo-Alderian
self-defeating behaviors result from dysfunctional family |
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Definition
| feeling isolated, helpless, insecure, deserted in a world out to abuse, cheat, attack, betray... |
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| Horney's 4 defenses against basic anxiety (1937, first idea) |
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Definition
-affection (buy love) -submission (get love) -power (control) -withdrawal (avoid)
rigidity of each distinguishes neurotic from non |
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| Horney's 10 neurotic needs (1942, second main idea) |
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Definition
| 1. affection/approval 2. "partner" to take over life 3. restrict life with borders 4. power 5. exploit others 6. prestige 7. personal admiration 8. neurotic ambition for personal achievement 9. self-sufficiency 10. perfection |
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Definition
general categories for neurotic needs
-moving towards people
-moving against people
-moving away from people |
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Definition
compliance. protect against helplessness. if you love me you won't hurt me. compelled to receive affection
#'s 1, 2, 3
similar to getting/leaning |
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Definition
aggression, hostile. if i have power you cant hurt me. sees everyone as potential enemy
4, 5, 6, 7, 8
ruling/dominant |
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Definition
protects agains isolation. detachment.
if i withdraw, nothing can hurt me.
3, 9, 10
avoidant |
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Term
| basic Horney intrapsychic theory |
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Definition
| interplay btwn real self, despised real self, and idealized self |
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Term
| idealized self-image **(probably important) |
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Definition
attempt to solve conflicts by painting godlike picture of oneself
opposite of going towards self-realization
-neurotic search for glory, tyranny of shoulds
-neurotic ambition. striving for superiority and vindictive triumph
-neurotic claims of entitlement
-neurotic pride |
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Term
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Definition
real self cannot live up to idealized self
self hatred may result in:
- relentless demands of self (tyranny of should)
- self-accusation
-self-contempt (belittling or ridiculing)
-self-frustration
-self torment/torture
-self destructive actions and behaviors |
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Definition
facilitate acceptance of the real self with imperfections and give up idealized self and neurotic trends
free association and dream analysis help understand idealized self |
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Term
| 1. Define predictive validity, divergent validity, and convergent validity. |
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Definition
predictive: tests predicts behavior
convergent: new test for IQ should match well with old tests
divergent: test for given characteristic should not correlate highly with different characteristic test |
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Term
| 2. Describe what is meant by “free association.” How is this applied to dreams? |
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Definition
| if image of cigar is in a dream, free associate that and then examine the dream within that context |
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| 3. How did Freud arrive at the idea of the Oedipal complex? What would Horney say about this? |
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Definition
introspection, little hans, the myth
horney: neurotic need for affection, overgeneralized, not sexual |
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Term
| 4. Briefly describe Adler’s safeguarding tendencies. |
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Definition
excuses, aggression, withdrawal
(depreciation, blaming, accusation)
((criticism, rescuing)) |
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| 5. Related to the idea of safeguarding tendencies: I suggested that in checking out a potential therapist, prospective clients should check to see if the therapist related as much to the client’s joys and successes as they do to the client’s fears and sorrows. What was my point? |
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Definition
| may be maintaining the one-up position using rescuing depreciation aggression |
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| 6. Describe the archetypes of the shadow and the persona. What problem did Jung see if a person identifies too completely with their persona. |
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Definition
shadow- dark qualities we dont want to know about. animalistic. creativity spontaneity, similar to id.
persona- public face to make favorable impression, adaptive.
out of touch with self and dissatisfied with life |
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Term
| 7. Describe Jung’s two basic attitudes and four functions. |
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Definition
extraversion/introversion
thinking feeling sensing intuitive |
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Term
| 8. Describe Horney’s three neurotic trends and their normal analogues |
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Definition
| moving toward (if you love me you wont hurt me), moving against (if i have power you cant hurt me), moving away from(if i withdraw, nothing can hurt me) |
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Term
| 9. How did Frau Emmy illustrate the idea of “displacement?” |
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Definition
fear of elevator and then talk of menstruation
daughter's scary ovarian cramps |
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Term
| 10. What ideas did Freud derive from the case of Freuline Von R? |
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Definition
| Catharsis and resistance. physical problems may be from repressed emotional problems |
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Term
| 11. Describe Mahler’s substages of differentiation, practicing, and rapprochement. |
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Definition
5-10 months, examining world, smile recognition, specific attachment and separation anxiety, pushoff
10-16 months, love affair with world, mother home base, symbiotic dual unity
16-24 months, sharp conflict independence and dependence, more aware of separation, working out realities, lots of conflicts |
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Term
| 12. Distinguish between Freud’s Levels of mental life and provences of the mind. |
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Definition
levels: conscious, preconscious, unconscious
provinces: id, ego, superego
id= uncon
ego= pre and con
super= all 3 |
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