Term
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Definition
| Personality represents those characteristics of the person that describe and account for consistent patterns of feeling, thinking, and behaving. |
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Term
| Components of Personality |
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Definition
States: what the person is like in general; consistent across situations; stable over time; internal cause.
Traits: what the person feels, experiences, or thinks; Situation-specific and short-term; covert/private; external cause - elicited by stimulus.
Acts: What the person is doing or trying to do; siatuation-specific and short-term; overt/public/observable; internal (but intentional/conscious cause).
These 3 only "related" not core components-
Physical Appearance: Ex. Short, tall, pretty, ugly
Social effects and evaluations: Ex. boring, attractive, weird, fearsome.
Talents and Skills: Ex. Great softball player, high IQ |
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Term
| Five Issues Personality Theories should address |
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Definition
1.Structure - What are the pieces of personality? How do the components interact?
2.Process: What makes you tick?
a. Hedonic - pleasure / pain
b. growth/self-actualization
c. cognitive motives (understanding, prediction, control)
3.Growth and Development: How you became who you are today - Both A. Genetic and B. Environmental factors
4.Psychopathology: Life sucks, how do you cope with it?
5.Change: Are you stuck with personality or can you change?
a. resisting change - constant environment, familiar is safe
b. facilitating change - life transitions, relationships, therapy |
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Term
| Philosophical views of the person |
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Definition
Humans as rational actors - humans weigh cost and benefit of a situation before proceeding
Humans as animals - humans are animals motivated by our basic drives (hunger, thirst, sex)
Humans as computers/robots - people are information processors that take in information, process it and give an appropriate response |
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Term
| Comprehensiveness and Parsimony |
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Definition
Personality theories should be as comprehensive as possible - need not account for ALL aspects of personality, but should account for the most important aspects
Personality theories should be as parsimonious as possible - should be a simple theory that can account for a wide range of psychological issues via a relatively small set of principles |
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Term
Data sources of personality psychology |
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Definition
LOTS
Life Data - marriage records, speeding tickets - based on accessible objective data
+very objective, easily accessible
-data very limited (can't discern reasons behind things)
Observer Data- observational data - coding from face, info from friends, parents, teachers
+allow you to get information from real-life setting, less biased than self-report
-coding can be biased, observer can be subjective (parents rate children highly)
Test Data - from standardized tests (IQ, SAT, etc)
+objective, standardized
-can't guarantee test is showing what you want / that participant takes it seriously
-participant may predict what test is trying to find, then cater to it
Self Data -
+ can be biased (subject may be biased, trying to please experimenter)
-easy to obtain |
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Term
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Definition
| Get many items or observations and average them into a single score. Chicken oviduct story - 100 chicken oviducts because a single one or a few would nto be sufficient to get info from |
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Term
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Definition
1. Retest stability (take same test across time)
2. parallel test/alternate form (across different forms or versions of the same test)
3. split-half/internal consistency (across items of same test, scores on 1st half should correlate with scores on second half)
4. interjudge agreement (across observers - different people who observe should score the same or come to same conclusion) |
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Term
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Definition
Content Validity (does the test represent the content fairly?)
Criterion Validity (does it correlate with relevant criteria or predict future outcomes?)
Construct Validity?
Convergent vs. Discriminant aspects of validity - does the test measure ALL of what we want it to measure and NONE of what we don't want it to measure? |
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Term
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Definition
the extent to which there is a linear association between two variables.
+varies from -1 to 1
R=1 or -1 : perfect positive or negative correlation
R=0 : no correlation
0.4 is a strong correlation, 0.3 is a relatively strong correlation, 0.1 is a weak correlation but is still significant.
CORRELATION DOES NOT MEAN CAUSATION. (It could, but you would have to test i in a controlled experiment) |
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Term
| Research designs in psychology |
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Definition
1. Case Study - ex. freud
2. Correlational Research - ex. taking 2 personality questionnaires and determining their correlation
3. Laboratory Research - controlling variables, possible to find causation |
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Term
| Problems with ACL (adjective checklist) |
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Definition
1. different people may check a different number of adjectives - Ex. professor john checked a lot, his friend checked like 10
2. Forced choice (yes-no) no gradient, no in-between, no consideration of different situations. It either totally describes you, or not at all. |
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Term
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Definition
| everything that a person does has a cause, that in principle, can be identified / knowable |
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Term
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Definition
Life energy - libido (sex drive) - from an evolutionarly perspective, very important for us as humans to continue being
Death energy - thanatos (aggressive drive) |
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Term
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Definition
Primary process thinking - the id
unconscious, driven by gut intuition
rarely emerges from unconscious - bottom part of the iceberg
useful because it frees our conscious brain by attending to things so we don't have to focus on them
Secondary process thinking - the Ego
rational, conscious thought
secondary because it must develop over time |
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Term
| Modern evidence for unconscious |
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Definition
Cocktail Party Phenomenon - you are in a conversation with someone, but you suddenly realize you have heard your name uttered across the room. You weren't paying attention to the person across the room, but you still realized they said your name!
Dichotic listening task - listening to two conversations, one in each ear. Instructed to attend to only one. You still pick up on things that are happening in the other. Ex given - one ear, story about kids throwing rocks at a bank. Other side, talking about a bank teller. You will assume the kids were throwing rocks at a financial bank, not a river bank
Transference - If a new acquaintance reminds you of someone you already know, you may treat them as you would treat that person! |
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Term
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Definition
Id - "the devil on your shoulder"
-drives for sex/aggression, gimme gimme, let's have fun and not think about consequences
-operates on pleasure principle
Ego - rational negotiator
-helps the individual bring the conflicting id impulses and superego demands into a healthy balance
-operates on the reality principle
Superego - your conscience that thinkgs having fun is amoral
-represents parental, social, societal values we have internalized - how we OUGHT to behave (failure induces guilt) |
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Term
| Defense Mechanisms (Least Mature) |
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Definition
1. Denial - refusal to accept external reality
+Ex. lady in cartoon - "my fillings are pulling me towards the fridge, that's why I can't lose weight" or even "I don't have a weight problem"
2. Projection - shifting one's unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and impulses within oneself onto someone else
+Ex. someone who is thinking about cheating on their significant other may accuse them of cheating
3. Reaction Formation - concerting unconscious wishes or impulses that are perceived to be dangerous into their OPPOSITES
+Ex. people who are appalled by their own homosexual impulses and then speak out in favor of anti-gay policies |
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Term
| Defense Mechanisms (More Mature) |
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Definition
1. Displacement - separation of emotion from its real object; redirection of intense emotion toward something or someone that is offensive or threatning in order to avoid dealing directly with it
+Ex. get mad at boss, come home and yell at wife or kids or dog
2. Rationalization - person convinces themselves that no wrong was done/all is right through faulty/false reasoning (use of convenient excuses)
+Ex. Jillian doesn't want to go to Treasure Island anyway, it is raining! Ex. Didn't want that promotion, too much responsibility.
3. Sublimation - transformation of negative emotions or instincts into positive, socially acceptable actions, behavior or emotion.
+Ex. Regina George channels anger into lacrosse
4. Suppression - the conscious process of pushing thoughts into the preconscious; postpone paying attention to an emotion or need in order to cope with the present reality
+Ex. paying attention in lecture even though you have a midterm coming up in a different class soon
5. Rumination - unable to stop thinking about something
[is this a defense mechanism?] |
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Term
| Freud's stages of development [fix] |
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Definition
1. Oral (age 0-1) - establishing trust
2. Anal (age 2-3) - establishing autonomy (controlling bowel movements)
3. Phallic (age 4-5)
4. latency (6-13)
5. Genital (13+) |
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Term
| Erikson's psychosocial stages [FIX] |
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Definition
1. Basic trust vs. mistrust
2. Autonomy vs. shame/doubt
3. Initiative vs. guilt
4. Industry vs. Inferiority
5. Identity vs. role confusion
6. intimacy vs. isolation
7. generativity vs. stagnation
8. integrity vs. despair |
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Term
| 3 needs freudian theory ignores |
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Definition
1. Social - closeness, intimacy, attachment, generativity
2. Competence - exploration, understanding, skills
3. Identity/Spiritual - udnerstanding self within the universe, personal meaning, religion (creativity and self-actualization) |
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Term
| Inferiority Complex Theory |
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Definition
Adler
Inferiority is rooted in young child's original experiences of weakness, heplessness, dependency. Usually acts as an incentive to grow and mature, but sometimes inferiorities can create a complex.
Try to compenseate for inferiorities in adulthood (Ex. napoleon, who was weak as a child)
Can either compensate, or OVERcompensate |
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Term
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Definition
Adler
First-borns: Parents have high standards; they are dethroned with later births, but can still feel powerful as a surrogate parent
Later-borns and "only" children: more likely to be mapered/spoiled; parents less strict/less discipline/less pressure; more freedom, expore and act out more |
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Term
| Birth Order Effects on PERSONALITY TRAITS |
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Definition
Sulloway
First-borns: conscientious (responsible, achievers, organized), extraverted (assertive, bossy), neurotic (jealous, anxious, fearful)
Later-borns: open to experience (less likely to conform/be traditional/align with parents), agreeable (easygoing, cooperative, popular) |
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Term
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Definition
collective experiences of past generations shared by all humans; resides very deep in the mind; identical in all humans; inherited
Ex. face recognition, language acquisition area |
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Term
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Definition
innate, universal prototypes or symbols for ideas
1. Shadow - represents weakness, shortcomings, instincts we posess but don't want to address
Anima - femininity (feminine part of a male?)
Animus - masculinity (masculine part of a female?)
Androgyny - healthiest when anima and animus are in balance |
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Term
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Definition
Karen Horney
+Moving Toward others - approach, closeness, support, love
-moving against others - competition, aggression, anger
=moving away from other - withdrawal, distance, fear/suspicion |
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Term
| Myers-Briggs Type Indicator |
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Definition
Types: Extraversion vs. introversion, sensing vs. intuition, thinkng vs. feeling, judging vs. perceiving
Criticisms:
-Taken from Jung's observations
-Low validity - assigned a type for job preference but not Ability (does not predict SUCCESS)
-Low test-retest reliability (if you get 49% once, you may get 51% next time)
-Descriptions are vague and general - could apply to many people
-Forced choice makes "moderate" people be put into a type
-Types do not indicate strength - 90% vs 51% |
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Term
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Definition
•Secure – from available, responsive parenting (70%)
•Reaction – visibly upset when mother leaves, glad to see her return
•Exploration – while mom is present, will explore and engage with strangers
•Outcomes – positive attitude, likable
•Anxious-Ambivalent – results from inconsistent parenting (10%)
•Reaction – VERY distressed when mother leaves, ambivalent upon return, resentful and resistant when mother attends, often pushing mother away
•Exploration – anxious of exploration and strangers even when mom is present
•Outcomes - Obsessively clingy, picked-on
•Anxious-Avoidant – results from disengaged parenting [less body contact] (20%)
•Reaction – shows little visible emotion when mother departs or returns
•Exploration – doesn’t explore much no matter who is there, treats strangers same as mother
•Outcomes – defiant, hostile, alienate peers / teachers, exaggerated self-reliance |
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