Term
| What do behavioral geneticists do? |
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Definition
| attempt to determine the degree to which individual differences in personality are determined by genetics and environmental differences |
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Term
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Definition
| The percentage of phenotypic variation that can be attributed to genetic variance. |
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Term
| What is the equation for heritability? |
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Definition
| Heritability squared = 2(rmz - rdz) |
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Term
| How heritable are the Big Five traits? |
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Definition
| about 40% (done in a twin study) |
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Term
| What are shared environments? |
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Definition
| Features in an environment (family) that are shared by siblings |
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Term
| Do shared or non-shared environments have more influence on personality? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the genotype-environment interaction? |
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Definition
| Differential responses of individuals with different genes to the same environment. |
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Term
| What are the 3 genotype-environment correllations? |
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Definition
Passive:an indiv's genes and environment are chosen for them
Active: An indiv with a particular genotype actively chooses their own environment
Reactive: People respond to an indiv's particular genotype thus creating an environment |
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Term
| What does Eyesenck's biological theory say about introversion & extraversion? |
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Definition
| Eyesenck stated that I's have higher level of activity than E's in the brains ARAS: ascending reticular activation system. |
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Term
| According to Eyesenck, in what ways do introverts work to maintain an optimal ARAS? |
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Definition
| They work to decrease or avoid stimulation. |
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Term
| What task was performed in Geen's study? |
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Definition
| Having introverts and extraverts perform a difficult task with background noise |
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Term
| What was Geen looking for in his study? |
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Definition
| How well I's and E's perform the task. |
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Term
| What is the name of Gray's Theory? |
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Definition
| Sensitivity to Reward and Punishment |
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Term
| What are the two components of Gray's theory? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does an active BIS produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does an active BAS produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: people with active BAS learn better from punishment. |
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Definition
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Term
| Based on Newman's studies with criminals and psychopaths with weak BIS, these facts about behavior are true: |
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Definition
- lack appropriate self-regulation behavior
- deficient in learning thru punishment
- impulsive |
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Term
| What are the 4 methods of studying behavioral genetics? |
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Definition
| Twin studies, adoption studies, family studies, selective breeding studies. |
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Term
| What heritable qualities influence female marital satisfaction? |
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Definition
| low agressivenes, optimism, warmth. |
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Term
| What is the biological basis, according to Zuckerman, for sensation seeking? |
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Definition
| Sensation seekers have low levels of neurotransmitter MAO in their body, hence, less inhibition in the nervous system and less control of behavior, thoughts, and emotions. |
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Term
| Is brain asymmetry associated with emotional valence or motivation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which side of the brain is associated with happiness, approach behavior, and anger? |
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Definition
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Term
| Make an analogy between Darwin and Freud in terms of a foundation for evolutionary psychology. |
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Definition
natural selection : self preservation instincts
sexual selection: sexual instincts |
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Term
| What are the fundamental assumptions of the intrapsychic domain? |
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Definition
| Areas of the mind operate outside our awareness. Within each individual, parts we aren't consciously aware of = 'unconscious mind'. |
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Term
| Does the id operate on reality principles or pleasure principles? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Freud, anxiety occurs when there is conflict between... |
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Definition
The id & ego
ego & superego |
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Term
| What is the order of Freud's psychosexual stages of development? |
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Definition
1) latency, oral, genital, anal, phallic
2) phallic, oral, genital, latency, anal
3) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
4) oral, anal, genital, phallic, latency |
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Term
| What are the three types of attachment styles? |
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Definition
| secure, ambivalent, avoidant |
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Term
| What are the first three conflicts within the stages of development according to Erik Erikson? |
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Definition
Mistrust vs. trust (infancy)
shame/doubt vs. autonomy (toddlerhood)
guilt vs. initiative (young childhood) |
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Term
| What are the last three developmental crisis according to Erik Erikson's stages of development? |
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Definition
isolation vs. intimacy (young adulthood)
stagnation vs. generativity (adulthood)
despair vs. integrity (old age) |
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Term
| Which behavioral system do people with greater left-side prefrontal activation report? |
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Definition
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Term
| What topics is David Buss generally interested in? |
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Definition
| mating strategies and sexual differences in jealousy |
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Term
| What are the 3 assumptions of Evolutionary Psychology? |
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Definition
Domain specificity: adaptions are designed by evolutionary processes to solve specialized adaptive problems.
Numerousness: expected that there are numerous psych adaptations, because diff adaptations are required for diff problems
Functionality: psychological adaptations are done to accomplish a particular goal, making an indiv more functional. |
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Term
| What are the 3 traits that most males and females both indicate are important? |
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Definition
1) Kind & understanding
2) intelligent
3) exciting personality |
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Term
| What top quality do women look for and why? |
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Definition
| Earning capacity: women seek resources for themselves and their offspring so that their offspring can be successful. (also in more ev standpoint, long-term commitment) |
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Term
| What is the most important trait men seek in females and why? |
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Definition
| Physical attractiveness on the basis of finding one most likely to conceive and give birth to healthy offspring. |
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Term
| Are women more jealous of sexual infidelity or emotional infidelity? Why? |
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Definition
| Emotional infidelity: the male might invest his resources in another partner making survival for her and her offspring more difficult. |
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Term
| In regards to human nature, what often happens when an individual is socially excluded? |
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Definition
| social exclusion and social anxiety. this leads to aggression. |
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Term
| What does the Inclusive Fitness Theory state? |
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Definition
| We are more likely to help someone with higher genetic relatedness to ourselves. |
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Term
| According to Freud, what are the 3 types of anxiety? |
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Definition
1) Objective anxiety (fear)
2) Neurotic anxiety (conflict between id & ego)
3) Moral anxiety (conflict between ego & superego) |
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Term
| What is the function of a defense mechanism? |
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Definition
| To protect ego & minimize anxiety and stress. |
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Term
| What are the defense mechanisms? Know what they do. |
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Definition
1) Repression
2) Denial
3) Displacement
4) Rationalizaton
5) Reaction formation
6) Projection
7) Sublimation
8) Regression
9) Identification |
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Term
| What are techniques for revealing the unconscious? |
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Definition
| Dreams, projective techniques, free association. |
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Term
| Quick and dirty, what are the two goals of psychoanalysis? |
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Definition
1) identify unconscious thoughts
2) once patient is aware of these, enable them to deal with it realistically and maturely. |
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Term
| According to Carl Jung, personality is made up of what 3 components? |
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Definition
1) ego
2) personal unconscious
3) collective unconscious |
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Term
| What does the personal unconscious do, according to Jung? |
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Definition
| keeps the persons thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and memories that have been put aside but are easily retrievable. |
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Term
| What is the motivated unconscious? |
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Definition
| Freud and Jung's belief that unconscious information can motivate or influence our behaviors. |
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Term
| Erikson' argued that changes at each stage in life were _________ rather than sexual. |
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Definition
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