-Humans driven by life and death instincts

-Dreams and Freudian slips reflect impulses

-People who don't resolve sexual impulses in childhood find a socially acceptable outlet

-tripartite personality structure

-sexual development and unconscious motivations influence personality

-Investigate the mind

-form theories about human behavior

-treat psychological illness

-the "It"

-unconscious psychic energy

-strives to fulfill sexual and aggressive drives

-pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

-direct opposition to the superego

-life instincts: food, water, sex

-death instincts: attempts to escape reality; fiction, fantasy, substances

-the "overself"

-presents internalized ideals

-provides standards for judgments and future decisions

-idealistic principle, puts others needs first

-opposition to the Id

-"conscience," prohibits drive and fantasy, guilt

-forms at dissolution of Oedipus complex

-the "self"

-largely conscious executive of personality

-mediates between Id, Superego, and reality

-reality principle, satisfies the id's desires in appropriate ways

-find balance

-partial to the Id (like a 'man on horseback')

-constantly monitored by superego

-0-18 months: oral stage; primary interaction with world through the mouth; if not met, may develop oral fixation (thumbsucking, smoking, fingernail biting, etc)

-18-36 months: anal stage; focus on controlling bladder; too much pressure results in anal fixation

-3-6 years: phallic stage; primary focus on the id's energy is on the genitals; Boys: Oedipal complex, Girls: Electra complex, boys desire mother, girls desire father

-6-puberty: latency stage; superego continues to develop, Id's energy suppressed, developing social skills

-puberty-adulthood: genital stage, develop strong interest in opposite sex

-psychoanalytic method for exploring unconscious

-person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind

-the purpose is personal insight

-based on stream of consciousness

-still used today

-person sees what unconscious projects

-Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

-Rorschach inkblots: ten total pictures; participant response; scored on content, organization, multiple images, time to respond, reliability, etc; still used today: Exner scoring system

-a psychoanalytic method called projective tests

-ten total pictures

-participant response

-scored on content, organization, multiple images, time to respond, reliability, etc.

-still used today: Exner scoring system

-balance and harmony

-'collective' unconscious

-religious nature of human psyche

-explore through dreams and art

-knew Anna Freud

-underwent psychoanalysis

-Psychosocial development, not psychosexual

-each stage rooted in social 'conflict'

-negative: focus on motives of the sick

-sexist, misogynist

-parental emphasis

-not testable or generalizable (post hoc, or after the fact, explanation of behavior)

-Pros: enduring ideas about unconscious, access to everything that goes on in our minds is limited, personality from developmental perspective, self-protective tendencies, importance of human sexuality, conflict btwn impulses and social well-being

-studied healthy, creative people

-came up with the Heirarchy of Needs

-said self-actualization the central feature of personality (self aware, accepting, loving, problem centered, spontaneous)

-by Abraham Maslow

-starts with basic needs such as food, sleep, and shelter

-personal security

-friendship, intimacy, family

-self esteem, self-respect

-growth

-believed in growth-promoting climate

-self-concept the central feature of personality

-impacted by others

-others promote growth by being genuine, accepting, and empathetic

Pros: most people basically good, emphasis on individual self (cultural values, free will)

Cons: ignores capacity for evil, emphasis on the individual self (deadly pursuit of self-esteem, external factors such as competence, winning, appearance, approval)

-Gordon Allport (1920s)

-specific stable and enduring behavior patterns

-conscious motives

-describe vs. explain

-what dimentions describe personality? 18,000 traits, factor analysis

-personality inventories

-MMPI: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-diagnostic, compare normal to disordered, select items that discriminate between groups

-Big 5 Factors: determines where you are on 5 dimensions, reasonably consistent across culture, conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion

-sometimes we are abnormal-like

-disorders have many bizarre symptoms

-Deviant: non-conformity, culture and time specific

-Distress: individual must feel distress, observers are irrelevant

-Dysfunction: get in way of a normal life

-Danger

-First asylums were 1200 years ago

-demons, devils, poisoning, and alignment of stars were original beliefs of causes

-traditional treatments: beating, bloodletting, castration, hot irons placed on head, spinning centrifuge, exorcism, death, etc.

-Phillipe Pinnel (late 1700s), believed mental illness not due to demonic possession

-Syphilis induced psychosis: causation and development of disorder, identifying and distinguishing one from another, treating a disorder in psychiatric hospital, forecast about the disorder

-late 1700s

-believed that mental illness was not due to demonic possession

-led to treatments becoming more humane

-labeling can increase stigma and prejudice

-creates proconceptions

-self-fulfilling prophecy

-focus on 'illness'

-sent student to different hospitals where they complained of voices, depression, and hollowness

-all were admitted and classified as mentally ill

-after complaint and admitted, they behaved normally

-took 19 days on average to be released

-told 8 hospitals that in the next 6 minths he was going to send in more confederates

-he never did but hospitals identified far fewer mentally ill during that time

Categorized of mental disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

(four classifications: generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, OCD)

-constantly tense, apprehensive, and in a state of arousal.

-predominant in women

-constant edginess, tension, sleeplessness, etc (maladaptive)

-no identifiable cause

-sudden disorder marked by sudden, short term, very intense feelings of anxiety or terror

-estimated 1/75 people have panic attack

-disorder develops after several attacks that leads to fear of the attack itself

-choking sensation, trouble breathing, heart palpitations

-Charles Darwin had this

-persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation

-everyone is scared of something, but how irrational is that fear and avoidance of it

-intesnse enough to cause panic attacks, diarrhea, and temp. paralysis

-Obsessive compulsive disorder

-unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) or actions (compulsions)

-affects 15-30 year olds, especially men the most (2-3%), but 1 in 5 overcome symptoms by midlife

-usually has to do with germs, precision, and counting.

-1/7 Americans in the past year have one

1. Phobias

2. Mood disorder

3. Alcohol abuse

-Deviant: non-conformity

-Distress: individual must feel distress

-Dysfunction: gets int he way of a "normal" life

-Danger

-mood disorder in which a person experiences 2 or more weeks of depressed moods

5 or more of the following during 2 weeks: depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure; weight loss/gain or change in appetite; insomnia/hypersomnia; psychomotor agitation or retardation; fatigue; feelings of worthlessness or guilt; diminished ability to think, concentrate, or make decisions; death/suicidal thoughts

-between 10-25% of women, or 1 in 5

-between 5-12% of men, up to 1 in 10

Twin prevalence: 1 in 2

Why?

Women: Internalized states (depression, anxiety), vivid emotional recall, tend to think more

Men: Externalized states (alcohol, antisocial conduct), vague emotional recall, tend to act more

-mood disorder in which the person alternates between depression and over-excited, wildly optimistic state of mania

-1 or more depressive episodes

-at least 1 manic episode

-3 or more of the following for at least 4 days: grandiosity, no sleep, talkative, racing thoughts, distractability, agitation

-manic depressive: men 3.8%, women 3%

twins: 7/10

Onset: usually between 18-25 years old, precipitated by stress, dopamine overactivity, and abnormal brain activity

Prevalence: 1-2% of US population, equal between men and women

Genetics: appears to be inherited, twin prevalence goes from 1 in 100 to 1 in 2 chances of getting it

-Positive: delusions (false beliefs), hallucinations (see or hear something not there)

-Negative: flat affect (emotional expression), mute, catatonic (unable to move)

-Paranoid: preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations

-Disorganized: disorganized speech/behavior, flat/inappropriate emotion

-Catatonic: immobile and extreme negativitism, parroting (repeating things)

-Psychodynamic: unconscious origins, growth

-Humanistic: conscious feelings, growth

-Behavioral: panic, phobias, alcoholism

-Cognitive-behavioral: depression, anxiety, OCD

Clients say they are effective (but this could be because they enter in a crisis or like their therapist)

Research says they are more or less effective (Eysenck: 2/3 improved with or without therapy)

-biomedical therapy for Schizophrenia-positive symptoms

-such as Thorazine, Clozapine

-it blocks dopamine activity

-side effects: tardive dyskinesia (involuntary movement)

-such as Xanax and Valium

-depresses the central nervous system

-side effects: makes you tired, become dependent on the medication

-such as Prozac, Zoloft, Lexapro

-increase availability or serotonin

-SSRI (Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)

-side effects: dry mouth, weight gain, dizzy

-shock therapy for depression

-still used today

-don't know how it works

-crisis

-distress

-self improvement

-inpatient: hospitalized

-partial inpatient/day programs

-outpatient

 —One or more times a week

—Time limited or not

-Interpersonal/Process groups: Focus on self-disclosure and interaction, led by 1 or 2 group therapists, some teaching, therapist's role is primarily facilitating the process and helping individuals become aware of relationship patterns and effective/ineffective ways of communicating, can be open-ended, members attend regularly, powerful form of therapy but not for everyone

-Support groups: can be led by a non-professional, focused just on offering support, often a more open format, often free, Risky: not structured by trained professionals. Examples: AA, ALANON, GA, etc.

 -AKA Psychoanalysis or insight-oriented

-Freud

-Probably most well-known, but becoming less common

-Involved and long therapy process

-Patient talks about their lives and their past while the therapist looks for patterns or significant events that play a role in current difficulties

-Unconscious

-Common techniques: Dream or Art interpretation, Narrative analysis, free association, etc.

-Pros: empathy, non-judgmental, safe

-Cons: Costly, Time Consuming, thought to be ineffective

-Arron Beck

-Problems are caused by distorted thinking

-Techniques: Thought challenging, mirror technique, often have homework assignments

-Pros: highly structured, arguably better empirical support, usually faster

-Cons: Not effective when used in isolation, Awareness of distortions is hard to get

 -Skinner, Pavlov, Bandura, Wolpe

-Distress is a result of behaviors that have been conditioned and reinforced by the environment

-Identify maladaptive behaviors and replacing them

-Techniques: Desensitization, relaxation training, environment modification (token programs), modeling, etc

-Pros: Great for phobias, and things that are behavior related, also a fast treatment, empirically supported

-Cons: Inconsistently applied in real life, can’t always control the environment

 -Rogers

-Non directive approach

-Techniques: Empathy, unconditional positive regard, transparency

-The relationship is key

-Pros: shown to be effective, based on the common factors of all therapy, client is in control

-Cons: lack of structure and set method

-May, Frankl

-Optimistic and realistic

-Four major themes in life cause distress

1) Death

2) Freedom (& Responsibility)

3) Isolation

4) Meaninglessness

 -Few techniques: Self-awareness, Living in the moment, Logotherapy: work to understand meaning of life

-Pros: can be effective with a diverse population of clients

-Cons: Long process, not necessarily structured, hard to do with extremely pathological populations

 -Derived from Psychoanalysis

-Emphasizes relationships and social context

-Goals: Rapid symptom reduction, Improved social adjustment

-Techniques: Focus on emotions, Explore relationships, Use the client/therapist relationship

-Pros: short term, improves relationships, rapid effects

-Cons: not shown to be effective with all populations (addictions) due to lack of structure