Term
| DSM of Personality Disorder |
|
Definition
Enduring pattern of behavior that is pervasive and inflexible, as well as stable and long duration that causes significant distress or impairment in functioning.
Affecting behaviors in cognition, affectivity, interpersonal functioning, and impulse control.
Axis II of the DSM |
|
|
Term
| Research Issues of Personality Disorders |
|
Definition
Difficulty Diagnosing: Criteria not as well defined as other disorders and reliability and validity of the diagnoses are not clear.
Difficulty studying causal factors: Unclear etiological view and high levels of comrbidity. Most studies are retrospective |
|
|
Term
| Paranoid Personality Disorder (Cluster A) |
|
Definition
| Suspicousness and mistrust of others and a tendency to see themselves as blameless (tend to be on guard for perceived attacks) |
|
|
Term
| Schizoid Personality Disorder(Cluster A) |
|
Definition
| Impaired social relationships and the inability and lack of desire to form attachments to others |
|
|
Term
| Schizotypal Personality Disorder(Cluster A) |
|
Definition
| Peculiar thought patterns, oddities and speech that interfere with communication and social interactions |
|
|
Term
| DSM of Paranoid Personality Disorder |
|
Definition
1. Pervasive suspiciousness of being deceived, harmed, or exploited
2. Unjustified doubts about loyalty or trustworthiness of friends or associates
3. Reluctance to confide in others because of doubts of loyalty or trustworthiness
4. Hidden demeaning or threatening meanings read into benign remarks or events
5. Bears grudges; does not forgive insults, injuries, or slights
6. Angry reactions to perceived attacks on his or her character or reputation
7. Recurrent suspicious regarding fidelity of spouse or sexual partner |
|
|
Term
| DSM of Schizoid Personality Disorder |
|
Definition
1. Neither desires nor enjoys close relationships
2. Almost always chooses solitary activities
3. His little if any interest in sexual experiences
4. Takes pleasure in few if any activities
5. Lacks close friends or confidants
6. Appears indifferent to praise or criticism
7. Shows emotional coldness, detachment, flat affect
Does not occur exclusively during the course of psychotic disorder, mood disorder with psychotic features, or pervasive developmental disorder |
|
|
Term
| DSM of Schizotypal Personality Disorder |
|
Definition
1. Ideas of reference
2. Odd beliefs and magical thinking
3. Unusual perceptual experiences
4. Odd thinking and speech
5. Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation
6. Inappropriate or constricted affect
7. Behavior or appearance that is odd, eccentric, or peculiar
8. Lack of close friends of confidants
9. Excessive social anxiety that does not diminish with familiarity
Does not occur exclusively during the course of psychotic disorders and pervasive developmental disorder |
|
|
Term
| Causal Factors of Paranoid Personality Disorder |
|
Definition
Partial genetic transmission
Parental neglect or abuse
Exposure to violent adults |
|
|
Term
| Causal Factors of Schizoid Personality Disorder |
|
Definition
Personality traits have only modest heritability
High introversion, low openness to feelings
Maladaptive underlying schemas |
|
|
Term
| Causal Factors of Schizotypal Personality Disorder |
|
Definition
Moderate heritability
Biological association with Schizophrenia
Share similar cognitive deficits |
|
|
Term
| Histrionic Personality Disorder |
|
Definition
| Emotional and dramatic (theatrical), over concern with attractiveness, and tendency to irritability and temper outburst if attention seeking is frustrated |
|
|
Term
| Narcissistic Personality Disorder |
|
Definition
| Grandiosity, preoccupation with receiving attention, self-promoting, and lack of empathy |
|
|
Term
| Antisocial Personality Disorder |
|
Definition
| Lack of moral or ethical development inability to follow approved models of behavior, deceitfulness, shameless manipulation of others, and history of conduct problems as a child |
|
|
Term
| Borderline Personality Disorder |
|
Definition
| Impulsiveness anger, drastic mood shifts, chronic feelings of boredom and fears of abandonment, and self-injurious behaviors or suicide |
|
|
Term
| DSM of Histrionic Personality |
|
Definition
1. Discomfort in situation in which she or he is not the center of attention
2. Inappropriate sexually seductive or provocative behavior
3. Displays rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotions
4. Consistently uses physical appearance to draw attention to self
5. Has an excessively impressionist style of speech
6. Shows self-dramatization and exaggerated expressions of emotion
7. Is overly suggestible
8. Considers relationships to be more intimate then they actually are |
|
|
Term
| DSM of Narcissistic Personality Disorder |
|
Definition
1. Grandiose sense of self-importance
2. Preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty
3. Belief that she or he is special or unique
4. Excessive need for admiration
5. Sense of entitlement
6. Tendency to be interpersonally exploitative
7. Lacks empathy for the feeling of others
8. Often envious of others or believes that others are envious of him
9. shows arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes |
|
|
Term
| Causal Factor of Histrionic |
|
Definition
- May be a common underlying predisposition with antisocial PD
- Extreme expression of both Neuroticism and Extraverison
- Maladaptive Schemas |
|
|
Term
| Casual Factors of Narcissistic |
|
Definition
-Low on facets of agreeableness, high on facets of Openness and Neuroticism
-Psychodynamic such as parents who don't help child develop normal levels of self-confidence and sense of self-worth
-Social learning theory such as parental overvaluation (parents that pamper and indulge their children) |
|
|
Term
| DSM of Antisocial Personality Disorder |
|
Definition
1. Failure to conform to social norms
2. Deceitfulness
3. Impulsive or failure to plan ahead
4. Irritability and aggressiveness
5. Reckless disregard for safety of self or others
6. Consistent irresponsibility
7. Lack of remorse
Older or equal to 18
Evidence of conduct disorder with onset before 15 |
|
|
Term
| Psychopathy of Antisocial PD |
|
Definition
-Affective and interpersonal factor, lack of remorse and guilt, callousness/lack of empathy, glib and superficial charm, inflated and arrogant self-appraisal
-Behavioral Factor, Antisocial, impulsive, and socially deviant lifestyle such as poor behavioral control and parasitic lifestyle |
|
|
Term
| Casual Factors of Antisocial Personality Disorder |
|
Definition
Genetic Factors: Findings from twin studies and adoption studies found moderate heritability, but environmental influences also important while ASPD may share common genetic predisposition with substance and use disorder
Family and Socialization:
Poor parental supervision and involvement, abuse and neglect, dysfunctional family structure, do not pay attention to social stimuli.
Low Fear Hypothesis and Conditioning |
|
|
Term
| DSM of Borderline Personality Disorder |
|
Definition
1. Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment
2. A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships
3. Identity disturbance characterized by a persistently unstable self image or sense of self
4. Impulsive in at least 2 potentially self-damaging areas (spending, sex, substance use)
5. Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or self-injurious behaviors
6. Affective instability due to marked reactivity of mood
7. Inappropriate, intense anger
8. Transient, stress-related paranoid idealization or severe dissociative symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Casual Factors of Borderline Personality Disorder |
|
Definition
Genetics: Heritability of personality traits of affective instability and impulsive
Lowered functioning of serotonin and decreased activity in parts of the prefrontal cortex
High rates of stressful events in childhood
Diathesis personality stress trauma model |
|
|
Term
| Avoidant Personality Disorder |
|
Definition
| Hypersensitivity to rejection or social derogation, shyness and insecurity in social interaction and initiating relationship |
|
|
Term
| Dependent Personality Disorder |
|
Definition
| Difficulty in separating in relationships, discomfort at being alone, subordination of needs in order to keep others involved in a relationships, and indecisiveness |
|
|
Term
| Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder |
|
Definition
| Excessive concern with order, rules, and trivial details, perfectionistic, lack of expressiveness and warmth, and difficulty in relaxing and having fun |
|
|
Term
| DSM of Avoidant Personality Disorder |
|
Definition
1. Avoid occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact
2. Unwillingness to get involved with people unless certain of being liked
3. Restraint within intimate relationships because of ear of being shamed or ridicule
4. Preoccupation with being criticized or rejected
5. Is inhibited in new interpersonal situation because of feelings of inadequacy
6. Views self as socially inept or inferior to others
7. Extreme reluctance to take personal risk or engage in any new activities for fear of embarrassment |
|
|
Term
| DSM of Dependent Personality Disorder |
|
Definition
1. Difficulties making everyday decisions without excessive advice and reassurance from others
2. Needs other to take responsibility for most major areas of life
3. Difficulty expressing disagreement with others because of ear of loss of support or approval
4. Goes to excessive lengths to obtain nurturance and support from others
5. Feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone because of fears of being unable to care for self
6. Urgently seeks another relationship for care and support when a close relationships ends |
|
|
Term
| DSM of Obsessive Compulsive PD |
|
Definition
1. Preoccupation with details, rules, order, or schedules to the extent that the major point of an activity is lost
2. Extreme perfectionism that interferes with task completion
3. Excessive devotion to work to the exclusion of leisure and friendships
4. Overly inflexible and overconscientious about matters of morality, ethics, or values
5. Inability to discard worn out or worthless objects
6. Reluctance to delegate task or work with others unless others unless others do exactly the same thing
7. Miserliness in spending style toward both self and others
8. shows rigidity and stubbornness |
|
|
