Term
| Change of behavior as result of experience is ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Two learning-based approaches to personality are ... |
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Definition
| behaviorism, social learning theories |
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Term
| Behaviorism, as a school, can be viewed as a reaction to the subjective thought of __________ psychology. |
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Definition
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Term
| Name two famous behaviorists. |
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Definition
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Term
| Behaviorism defines personality as ... |
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Definition
| the sum total of your behaviors. |
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Term
| The idea that knowledge comes form experience ... |
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Definition
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Term
| The idea that if two things are repeatedly experienced close together in time, they become linked in a person's mind ... |
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Definition
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Term
| The belief that people learn in order to seek pleasure and avoid pain. |
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Definition
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Term
| The values system that results from hedonism is called _____________, according to which the best society is the one that achieves the greatest good for the most people. |
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Definition
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Term
| List three types of learning. |
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Definition
| habituation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning |
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Term
| The more used to something you are, the less of an effect it has on you ... |
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Definition
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Term
| How did Pavlov's finding tweak the notion of associationism? |
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Definition
| It showed that the reason it works is not that the things are happening at the same time, but rather that one is happening slightly before the other and thus serving as a warning that the other is coming. |
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Term
| You feel nervous when you visit a classroom where the teacher used to yell at you, even though the teacher isn't there. This is an example of ... |
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Definition
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Term
| How can classical conditioning be used to treat physical health? |
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Definition
| You can control processes that are usually outside of conscious control, like insulin release; you can decrease chemo patients' nausea; you can help addicts recover. |
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Term
| The feeling that your actions don't matter that results from the feeling of anxiety associated with not knowing when/whether an action will be punished (like if we randomly shock or don't shock a rat who takes a pellet). It can lead to depression - "Why bother?" |
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Definition
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Term
| In a primitive version of behaviorism, Watson believed that life was about learning as many ___________s as possible. Each individual's are unique, based on personal experience. |
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Definition
| S-R (stimulus-response)associations |
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Term
| Thorndike's cat experiment demonstrated the ... |
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Definition
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Term
| The dogs in Pavlov's experiment salivated, but that didn't effect their environment in any way - they would get the meat anyway. Thus, this is an example of ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Inside the "Skinner box," the pigeon learns that pushing the bar will get it a pellet. This response affects the environment, so this is an example of ___________. |
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Definition
| operant conditioning (Operant means it accomplishes something.) |
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Term
| The reward you get for a certain behavior. |
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Definition
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Term
| Do people have to be conscious of the fact that they're behaving a certain way as a result of conditioning? |
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Definition
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Term
| An aversive consequence that follows an act in order to stop it and prevent its repetition is called a ... |
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Definition
| punishment. And you thought you weren't learning new things ... |
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Term
| Which is better: punishing bad behavior or rewarding good behavior? |
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Definition
| Funder thinks rewarding good behavior is more effective for a lot of reasons. |
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Term
| List the five principles of effective punishment. |
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Definition
| (1) An alternative behavior must be available (2) Always be very specific about what behavior the punishment is directed at (3) The punishment must be applied right after the behavior and applied every time the behavior occurs (4)To avoid the actual punishment, condition a secondary punishment stimulus, like "I'm warning you!" (5) Avoid mixed messages, like hugging the child after you punish him, or playing good cop/bad cop. |
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Term
| List 5 dangers of punishment. |
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Definition
| (1) Punishment arouses emotion in both parties, which can have bad results (2) It's really hard to be consistent (3) It's really hard to gauge the appropriate severity (4) Punishment teaches that powerful people get to hurt weak people and can produce this behavior in the punishee (5) Punishment motivates concealment |
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Term
| List 4 shortcomings of behaviorism addressed by social learning theory. |
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Definition
| (1) It ignores motivation, thought, and cognition (2) All the research is on animals (3) It ignores the social component of learning, like how we learn from watching others (4) It treats the subject as passive, forgetting that we often create or select our own environments. |
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Term
| Habit hierarchy, frustration-aggression hypothesis, approach-avoidance conflict, and drives are all concepts associated with psychologists ... |
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Definition
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Term
| According to Dollard and Miller, people have a more-likely behaviors and less-likely behaviors, and what reward and punishment do is rearrange the order, making behaviors more or less likely than they were. The order of likelihood is called ... |
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Definition
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Term
| "A state of psychological tension that feels good when it is reduced" is called a ... |
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Definition
| "drive" (and the grammar of that sentence is not my responsibility). |
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Term
| What are the two types of drives; provide examples of each. |
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Definition
| Primary drives are for physical things, like food, comfort, sex; these develop first. Secondary drives are for things like love, power, prestige, and avoiding embarrassment and fear. |
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Term
| If a goal is blocked, you need to vent that frustration at something. If you can't vent it at the source of frustration, you will vent it at something else. This theory is the ... |
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Definition
| Frustration-aggression hypothesis. |
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Term
| The conflict between desire and fear can change over time; AKA ... |
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Definition
| approach-avoidance conflict |
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Term
| List the five assumptions of approach-avoidance conflict. |
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Definition
| (1) The greater the drive, the more you will approach the goal (2) A stronger drive will beat a weaker drive (3) The closer you are to a positive goal, the more you approach it (4) The closer you are to a negative goal, the more you avoid it (5) Your tendency to avoid is stronger than your tendency to approach [(4) is stronger than (3)] |
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Term
| You say you'll go bungee jumping next year, but when the day draws nearer you get nervous and think about backing out. So get people to commit to things way in advance, and they'll be stuck - ::maniacal laughter::. |
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Definition
| approach-avoidance conflict |
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Term
| Expectancy Value Theorem is associated with the psychologist ... |
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Definition
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Term
| You're more likely to interview for the lower-paying job you think you will get than the higher-paying job you think there's no way you'll get. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| how likely you think it is that a behavior will achieve its goal |
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Term
| Identify and explain two types of expectancies. |
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Definition
| Specific expectancies are beliefs you have about the outcome of a specific behavior, while general expectancies are belief about how much your behaviors in general make a difference. If you think your behaviors make a difference, you'll be motivated and enthusiastic; if you think they don't you'll have a depressed "Why bother?" attitude. People who think their behaviors actually affect what happens in their lives are said to have an internal locus of control, and those who think their behaviors don't matter are said to have an external locus of control. |
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Term
| You think your behaviors are what dictates what happens to you in life. You have an ... |
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Definition
| internal locus of control. |
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Term
| You don't think you can control what happens in your life by behaving a certain way. You have an ... |
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Definition
| external locus of control. |
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Term
| When I say expectancies and locus of control, you say ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Locus of control pertains to _______ expectancies. |
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Definition
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Term
| When I say Bandura, you say ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Rotter called them expectancies; Bandura called them ... |
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Definition
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Term
| Bandura's term for the belief that you can do something |
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Definition
| efficacy expectations (note difference between this and expectany) |
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Term
| Rotter's term for the belief that if you do something, it will accomplish a given goal |
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Definition
| expectancy (note difference between this and efficacy expectation) |
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Term
| What treatment would Bandura use for someone who is afraid of snakes? |
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Definition
| He would help them to learn that they can be near snakes - he would focus on their efficacy beliefs. He might tell them, "You can do it!" or have them watch a video of someone handling a snake; eventually he would get them to actually handle one, proving to themselves that they can do it. |
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Term
| Can efficacy beliefs actually impact your ability to do something? |
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Definition
| Absolutely, and in a big way. In one experiment, women who were primed with efficacy lifted more than men who were primed with inefficacy. |
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Term
| Name the experiment and explain what it shows: If a child sees an adult hitting a certain toy, the child will hit the toy, especially if the adult was rewarded for hitting it. |
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Definition
| the Bobo doll experiment, shows observational learning |
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Term
| Identify three aspects of reciprocal determinism. |
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Definition
| (1) We choose our environments (2) We affect our environments (3) The environment affects the person before the person affects the environment. |
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Term
| What's the term for the way that people and environments shape each other? |
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Definition
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Term
| Identify three major achievements of the learning approaches. |
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Definition
| (1) conducted thorough experimentation that lent credence to psychology as a science (2) They emphasized that people's actions have a lot to do with their environment (3) developed clinical techniques for changing behavior |
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Term
| Identify two drawbacks of the learning theories. |
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Definition
| (1) Treatments don't always work in the long run (2) People are much more complicated than the theories make them out to be - they think. Social learning went a long way in addressing this last point, but more work needs to be done. |
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