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| techniques used by the ego to keep certain thoughts and behaviors hidden. |
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| another word for Freudian slip |
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| saying or doing something by accident against your better judgment, revealing a forbidden impulse, or forgetting something associated with something unpleasant or forbidden |
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| parapraxis or Freudian slip |
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| the mechanism by which a dangerous thought or feeling, which is usually kept hidden, is vented in a safe way |
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| within the mind or in the outside world. |
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| Within the mind, anxiety results from ... |
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| when different parts of the mind are at cross-purposes with each other |
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| Why not steal according to the ego? Why not steal according to the superego? (The id says to steal.) |
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Definition
| According to the ego, you shouldn't steal because something bad might happen to you as a result. According to the superego, you shouldn't steal because it's morally wrong. |
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| According to ego psychologists, what is the most important function of the ego? |
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| Freud thought that everyone has suppressed unconscious homosexual urges, and that these serve as a source of anxiety. |
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| Pyszcynski, Greenberg, and Solomon's idea that many of our thought processes and motivations are based on an effort to avoid thinking about the fact that we're gonna die at some point. |
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| Well, too much will make you depressed (or worse), and too little can lead to apathy, so there's a balance that must be struck - realistic anxiety - and that is the job of our defense mechanisms. |
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| Who wrote the book on defense mechanisms? |
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Definition
| Anna Freud, Freud's favorite daughter. I wonder whether he could mark it wrong if we just wrote, "Freud." |
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| Defense mechanisms operate in the ... |
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| pretending the source of anxiety doesn't exist |
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| Alcoholism is characterized by this defense mechanism. |
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Definition
| Denial (Think, "The first step is admitting you have a problem.") |
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Term
| What's the point of denial? |
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Definition
| to keep us from being overwhelmed by the initial shock of something bad, so that we have time to collect ourselves and handle it (or find a more permanent defense mechanism) |
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| banishing the past from present thought; you don't deny something exists, you just don't think about it |
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| When you repress thought, you also repress ... |
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Definition
| any thought that might remind you of it. |
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| When and how does repression cause anxiety? |
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Definition
| In order to counteract the id's energies, which propel thoughts to the surface, the ego must have the energy to push them back down. If the ego's energy is spread too thin, it won't be able to handle that task, and repressed thoughts will start pushing their way up towards the surface. This will cause anxiety. |
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| Identify two dangers of repression? |
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Definition
| The dam may eventually burst forth; the person may not have enough psychic/cognitive energy available to lead a healthy life. Freud thought that this was the cause of depression. |
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Term
| Give four examples of reaction formation. |
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Definition
(1) A preacher screaming about a pornography store in a highly emotional way, seemingly irrational way (2) Women in a study reporting the least degree of arousal, when they physically demonstrated the most arousal (3) homophobia (4) older siblings showing huge amounts of love for a new sibling
Numbers (2) and (3) have been demonstrated experimentally. |
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| Behaving in a way that expresses the opposite of some thought or emotion you're afraid of. |
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| attributing a disturbing thought or quality in yourself to someone else |
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| Describe the study that demonstrated that projection is specifically the result of trying not to think about a bad trait in yourself. |
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Definition
| Participants were given a personality test and told they had done badly in certain areas. they were told not to think about one specific one of these areas. They then watched a video of someone else and rated that person especially high in the bad area they were trying not to think about. Awesome. |
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| Give two examples of projection. |
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Definition
| Claiming that other people are stupid or gay. |
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| Formulating a reason that you had to do the bad behavior that you did (and believing it). |
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| What defense mechanism is trivialization associated with? |
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| In an experiment, participants wrote essays counter to their opinion on a topic. Normally this would affect their opinion, but since they were told to say that the essay was a silly exercise that meant nothing, they avoided this effect. This is an example of ... |
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| Dealing with a threatening emotion by turning it into a thought. |
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| Talking about war in terms of maps and money instead of death and people is an example of ... |
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| a defense mechanism based on primary process thinking |
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| relocating the object of an emotional response from an unsafe target to a safe one, like feeling anxious about your house instead of your family, or chewing on a pen instead of sucking your thumb |
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| The new object upon which an emotion is displaced depends upon ... |
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| similarity to the original, unsafe object; convenience and social acceptability. |
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| True or false: displacement, like kicking your dog instead of your boss, is an effective way to blow off steam and will reduce your aggression? |
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| transforming base/prohibited impulses into constructive behavior |
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| An artist or scientist expresses their frustrated sexual energy through a painting or scientific investigation. |
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| Choosing a career that allows you to act out your base drives or childhood hangups in a productive way is an example of ... |
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| A forbidden impulse may escape in an uncontrolled manner through _________ or in a controlled manner through ________. |
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| What are two types of parapraxes? |
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Definition
| saying something by accident, forgetting something |
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| Give four examples of parapraxes. |
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Definition
| leaving something behind at someone's house, breaking an object associated with someone, calling someone the wrong name, missing a foul shot you know you can make |
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Term
| According to Freud, humor is a form of this defense mechanism. |
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Definition
| What is sublimation? [Correct. I'll take Freud for 1000.] |
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| Do you ever just do something weird because you're not paying attention? |
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Definition
| Not according to Freud. You just let your guard down. |
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| The purpose of humor is ... |
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Definition
| to allow us to express and enjoy hostile or sexual impulses. |
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Definition
| it doesn't disguise the prohibited impulse, or if the audience lacks that prohibited impulse. For example, racist jokes aren't funny if you're actually not racist. |
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| Identify 5 problems with Freud's theories. |
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Definition
(1)Not parsimonious, meaning it gives complex explanations where simpler explanations could fit (2)The data is not available for analysis by other researchers, since case studies are confidential (3)Lack of operational definitions - What's psychic energy? (4)They're untestable, and not "disconfirmable," meaning you couldn't prove them wrong (5)They're sexist.
[Mnemonic = TOPPS = testability, operational definitions, public data, parsimony, sexist] |
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(1)Continues to influence psychotherapy (2)Part of popular culture (3)It's being revived and subjected to experimentation (4)It's the only complete theory of personality ever proposed
[mnemonic = PECC = psychotherapy, experimentation, culture, complete theory] |
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| List 7 defense mechanisms. |
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Definition
| projection, rationalization, intellectualization, displacement, reaction formation, denial, repression [IPDDRRR] |
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