Term
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Definition
Near-Sightedness
*Visual Acuity |
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Term
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Definition
Far-Sightedness
*Visual Acuity |
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Term
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Definition
Blurred/Distorted Vision
*Visual Acuity |
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Term
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Definition
Usually 180 Degrees
*Filed of Vision |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Total Blindness
Cannot detect motion or like of any brightness |
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Term
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Definition
Light Perception
(<3/200)
Can only detect bright light |
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Term
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Definition
Motion Perception
(3/200 - 5/200)
Cannot detect distinct motion |
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Term
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Definition
Legal Blindness
(20/200)
Large Print and Braile |
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Term
| Causes of Vision Impairment |
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Definition
1: Macular Degeneration
2: Glaucoma
3: Diabetic Retinopathy
4: Cataracts
5: Strabismus (Minor) |
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Term
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Definition
Affects central field of vision (blurry, distortion, darkness in centre)
Breakdown of MACULA (back of eye)
Caused by Age, Smoking, Genetics
Not treatment, but laser stops further loss |
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Term
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Definition
Affects peripheral vision
Caused by fluid pressur on the optic nerve
Cause of the fluid pressure is unknown but risk factors are believed to be age and genetics
Medication can help slow it down & laser surgery can repair optic nerve |
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Term
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Definition
Affects retina & blocks vision by scarring or blurred/blocked vision
Caused by High Glucose Levels
Lack of oxygen to Retina due to leaking blood vessels, the formation of new blood vessels block the Retina
Macula bleeds out & blood vessels "grow" on retina
Result of Diabetes, longer someone has diabetes the higher the risk especially if diabetes goes untreated |
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Term
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Definition
Clouding of lens
Due to chemical change in lens due to Age, Medication, & Genetics
Treatment is to wear glasses or repace the lens with an artificial lens
Sensitivity to light |
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Term
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Definition
The inability to focus both eyes
Affects over 50% of people with CP, Stroke & TBI
"Crossed Eyed, Wondering Eye, Lazy Eye"
Initially they see double vision then adapt to see out of the dominant eye, this is called SUPRESSION |
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Term
| Factors Influencing Physical Activity Participation |
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Definition
1: Age of Onset (Children/Adult)
2: Acquired vs. Congenital
3: Adaptations (Communication & Lifestyle) |
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Term
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Definition
Delay development of Motor Skills
Develops inefficient movement patterns
More time to be isolated from peers
Lower levels of fitness b/c less active |
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Term
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Definition
Depression, fears & inhibition, sedentary
Have had physical activity in the past
Affects the emotional domain
Wont try new things, don't know what is available to them (organizations) |
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Term
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Definition
Comes along later in life b/c genetics or disease
The formation of visual concepts & past experience are different then Congenital |
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Term
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Definition
Born with it
The formation of visual concepts & past experiences are different then Acquired |
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Term
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Definition
1: Communication Methods
2: Lifestyle - Daily
3: Lifestyle - Activity |
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Term
Communication Methods
(Adaptations) |
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Definition
Large print, braille, descriptive language, hand-body manupulation
Braille is not standard b/c it is hard to learn |
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Term
Lifestyle - Daily
(Adaptations) |
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Definition
1: Guide Dog - NOT A PET
2: Cane - usually white, but may be in any bright color if they can detect motion |
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Term
Lifestyle - Activity
(Adaptations) |
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Definition
Guided running & track events
Goal Ball
Long Distance Run - guide rope or someone ahead making a noise
* Role of Technology
* Classification |
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Term
| Instructional Strategies in Physical Activity for People with Visual Impairments |
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Definition
Physical GUIDANCE
Tactile Modeling - Physical (Assisted) Guidance |
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Term
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Definition
Cerbral - "of the brain"
Palsy - "lack of muscle control"
Develops early in childhood - by age 3
Lessions develop on the brain due to trauma or lack of Oxygen etc. The messages to the muscles are not occurring properly |
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Term
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Definition
NOT Genetics or contagious
NON-Progressive But it DOES Change
Congenital or Acquired
Ranges from mild (clumsiness) to severe (unable to control ALOT of gross motor movement, fine motor is also lacking)
Herpes, AIDS, Alcohol, drugs, toxins, tobacco, injury, difficult delivery, brain infections, cranial trauma, chemical toxins, Oxygen Deprivation
HOW the body reacts to what is happening in the brain changes as the person grows (body changes) |
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Term
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Definition
1 in 500 babies are born with it
1 in 3 premature babies are born with it
Over 50,000 Canadians with CP |
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Term
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Definition
Frontal Lobe = Judgment/Personality
Motor Cortex = Movement
Basal Ganglia = Gross Motor Function
Parietal Lobe = Touch, Limb Position
Occipital Lobe = Vision
Cerebellum = Co-ordination |
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Term
| Early Diagnosis of Cerebral Palsy |
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Definition
Variable Muscle Tone
Persistence of primitive reflexes
Automatic movement reactions delayed or never emerge
Walking delays b/c of movement delays, won't walk for another few years |
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Term
| General Movement Characteristics of Cerebral Palsy |
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Definition
Damage at different parts of the brain can result in:
Hypertonia
Involuntary movement
Fine & Gross Motor difficulty
Abnormal perception & sensation - over exaggerate pain |
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Term
| Classification of Cerebral Palsy is based on _____ & ______. |
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Definition
1: # of limbs affected
2: Type of Motor Disorder |
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Term
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Definition
a: Quadriplegia - all four limbs
b: Diplegia - two severe, two involved
c: Hemiplegia - one limb & that side of body
d: Triplegia - three limbs
e: Monoplegia - one limb |
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Term
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Definition
a: Spasticity
b: Athetosis (dystonia)
c: Ataxia |
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Term
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Definition
Hypertonic muscle tone
Co-contraction
Damage to Motor Cortex
Muscle stiffness, can't release once a muscle is contracted - the muscles affected are the ones that are used the most, the ones that move limbs INTO the body
ABNORMAL POSTURES |
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Term
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Definition
Scissor Gait - Both sides are affected
Hemiplegic Gait - One side if affected |
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Term
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Definition
Lack of controlled & coordinated movement
Fluctuating muscle tone; Hypertonic - tense muscles, Hypotonic - loose muscles
(Primarily) Damage to basal ganglia - gross motor function |
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Term
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Definition
Balance & Coordination
Hypotonia (loose muscles) & low postural tone
Damage to cerebellar-vestibular origin - COORDINATION
Gait is very wide, legs sweeping outwards |
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Term
| Other Concerns of Cerebral Palsy |
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Definition
Contractions - limb stays in same positions
Associated Disabilities; intellectual disability, visual & hearing, speech & language, seizures, behavioral, emotional, feeding & growth abnormalities b/c affected areas of the brain can cause other disabilities |
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Term
| Management of Cerebral Palsy |
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Definition
Therapy
Orthotics, last & splints - prevent contractions
Medications - treat pain, loosen muscles, ex: botox in joints to reduce tension
Surgery - neural surgery, sever nerve that is causing spasticity; spine, hips, legs are done as adult
Adaptive Equipment
Mobility - Scooters, wheelchairs, crutches etc.
Communication - Symbol board, voice synthesizers, head stick computers |
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Term
| Sport Recreation for Cerebral Palsy |
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Definition
Quad Rugby
Swimming
Wheelchair Basketball |
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Term
| Sport Classification for Cerebral Palsy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Athetosis
2L: Do everything with feet
2U: Relies on arms |
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Term
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Definition
| Moderate Triplegic or Quadriplegic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Summary of Cerebral Palsy |
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Definition
Disorder of movement &/or Posture
Mon-progressive but permanent
Result from damage to or dysfunction of the developing brain |
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Term
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Definition
1: Conductive
2: Sensorineural
3: Mixed Hearing Loss |
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Term
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Definition
Sound is not conducted properly (like hat over ears)
Experience reduction in sound level
Cause: ear wax, perforated ear drum, tumors
Can be surgically/medically fixed |
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Term
| Sensorineural Hearing Loss |
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Definition
Damage to inner ear (cochlea) & nerve pathways
Experience reduction in sound levels and speech discrimination
Cause: Diseases, birth injury, drugs, genetic syndromes, noise exposure, viruses, head traumas, aging & tumors
CANNOT bee surgically/medically fixed |
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Term
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Definition
Both Conductive and Sensorineural
Damage in Both outer & inner ear |
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Term
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Definition
Normal
Mild HL
Moderate HL
Severe HL
Profound HL |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Configuration of Hearing Loss |
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Definition
1: Bilateral vs. Unilateral
2: Symmetrical vs. Asymmetrical
3: Progressive vs. Sudden
4: Fluctuating vs. Stable |
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Term
Bilateral vs. Unilateral
(Hearing Loss Configuration) |
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Definition
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Term
Symmetrical vs. Asymmetrical
(Hearing Loss Configuration) |
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Definition
| both equally affected vs. different degree or type between ears |
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Term
Progressive vs. Sudden
(Hearing Loss Configuration) |
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Definition
| gets worse vs. ex: poked in the ear |
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Term
Fluctuating vs. Stable
(Hearing Loss Configuration) |
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Definition
| changes day to day vs. always the same |
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Term
Education K - Grade 4
(Hearing Loss) |
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Definition
| Segregation, Integration, & Mainstreaming |
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Term
Issues in Education
(Hearing Loss) |
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Definition
| Bullying, Mainstreaming (caught between hearing friends and deaf friends), Speech Therapy, Mum as Interpreter, Phys Ed, Role of Interpreter (not Tudor) |
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Term
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Definition
Deaf - born Deaf, or became Deaf very early, Deaf School, Deaf friends
deaf - unable to hear, not in Deaf Culture
Stigmatization
Difference between hearing and deaf cultures include; Greeting/Good byes, Privacy of information, Criticism |
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Term
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Definition
Dependent of each other for information, private, communication, it's not rude to interrupt, say everything to the point, not meant to insult anyone, open about prices/cost statements, nice-constructive-nice
They hug each other! |
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Term
| Accessibility for the Hearing Impaired |
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Definition
Physically - access into class through door
Psychologically - sense of belonging, include her? |
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Term
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Definition
Sense of Belonging
Sharing/having the same/equal experiences
Social, Emotional, Mental & Intellectual participation for all |
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Term
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Definition
1975 - Tom Humphrey
The word that specifies the discrimination of the inability to hear
The notion that one is superior based on one's ability to hear or behave in teh manner of one who hears |
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Term
| Audism between the deaf and the Deaf |
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Definition
Can take form where deaf people who may be able to speak, hear with in aid express reluctance to use sign language & do not identify with the Deaf Community
They consider themselves to be "better" then others who use sign language & are part of the Deaf Culture, this can also be Vice Versa |
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Term
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Definition
Takes year to master & may never be 100%
Improves with hearing aid
When Hearing Aid/Lip Reading fails, pretend to know what's going on - smile & nod |
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Term
| Phrases that get misunderstood with Lip Reading |
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Definition
Man vs. Mad
Bear vs. Bare
Elephant Shoes = I Love You |
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Term
Social Experiences
(Hearing Loss) |
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Definition
If don't understand they get quiet and withdrawn
Dinner time consisted of asking "what?" and "what did her say?" and the answers were "It's not important" "I will tell you later" or "Not for you to know" |
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Term
Social Assumptions
(Hearing Loss) |
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Definition
People get nervous - "Deer in Headlights"
People are patronizing, Deaf & Dumb Stereotypes
People assume she can't talk, need to yell, or have to talk really slow |
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Term
Issues with Sports
(Hearing Loss) |
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Definition
| Inclusion, Treatment/Attitude of Team-mates and Coaches, Lip Reading in Sports |
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Term
Sport Adaptations
(Hearing Loss) |
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Definition
Visual Cues - Simple gestures, hand signals, writing, designated listener
Using different types of sound/light systems
Informing specific individuals in advance that deaf individuals are participating
Team strategies/code system |
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Term
| Technology for Hearing Loss |
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Definition
Hearing Aid
Cochlear Implant
Phone, TTY, VRS
TV/Movies - RWC (rear window captioning), Subtitles (translate dialogue only) and Close Captioning (shows sound effects too)
Music
Alarm Clock |
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Term
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Definition
| A congenital defect of the spinal column caused by failure of the neural arch of a vertebra to properly develop & enclose the spinal cord * First 4 weeks of pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
Non-progressive
No single known cause
Corrective surgery undertaken within 24 hours of birth
No Cure |
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Term
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Definition
1: Meningomyelocele (MM)
2: Meningocele
3: Occulta |
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Term
Meningomyelocele (MM)
(Spina Bifida) |
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Definition
The SPINAL CORD, its PROTECTIVE COVERING (MENINGES) & NERVE ROOTS exit through a vertebral cleft
Causes paralysis, the high up the cleft the more paralysis will occur
Affects equilibrium and Range of Motion
Manual Wheelchair User |
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Term
Meningocele
(Spina Bifida) |
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Definition
SPINAL CORD develops NORMALLY
Only the MENINGES protrudes from the opening created by damaged or missing vertebrae - NERVES NOT IN SAC
Ambulatory * able to walk
Muscle weakness, NO PARALYSIS |
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Term
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Definition
"Hidden"
Does not cause paralysis or muscle weakness
goes undetected (X-ray only detection)
Causes back problems/pain
*Tuft of hear, dimple, or birth mark on lower back |
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Term
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Definition
Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)
Sudden onset of neurological impairment
Potentially fatal cutoff of the blood supply to part of the brain
Most Common after age 60 |
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Term
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Definition
1: Ischemic: 80%, caused by blood clot
2: Hemorrhage: Artery bursts and causes bleeding in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| If the left side of the brain is affected by the stroke this impairs the right side of the body and vice versa |
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Term
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Definition
Permanent damage caused by; concussion, contusion, hemorrhage
Leading cause of death & disability for persons <35 yrs, Males:Females ratio is 2:1 b/c males are risky, drive under the influence |
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Term
| Classification for Traumatic Brain Injury |
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Definition
1: Open Head Injury: Damage to a more limited area, we can't see it, just one area
2: Closed Head Injury: Damage usually diffuses, not open, no blood, lack of oxygen, bleeding in brain, shaking of head, concussion
Both Range in Mild to Sever (comatose) |
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Term
| What is Developmental Coordination Disorder? |
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Definition
| Marked impairment in the development of motor coordination that significantly interferes with academic performance and/or activities of daily living (and performance of fundamental movement skills) |
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Term
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Definition
Does not have diagnosable medical condition linked with it
NOT due to any intellectual impairment - normally they have above normal intellect |
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Term
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Definition
Poor FINE motor control
Poor GROSS motor control
Speech lacking fluency
ABNORMAL MUSCLE TONE
Poor Body Awareness
Difficulties with gross motor sequencing |
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Term
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Definition
Developmental delay: process of reaching the optimal, most mature level of functioning has been postponed, put off or hinder for a time
PROBLEM: assumes kids will catch up & develop eventually, NOT the case, this is NOT A DELAY it is a DEFICIT |
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Term
| Possible Underlying Deficits of DCD |
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Definition
Perceptual Problems
Perceptual-Motor Problems
Sensory Integration problems - proprioception, not taking info in and processing
Poor Knowledge Base
Difficulty in Generalizing
Poor Balance Control
Less then Optimal Coordination |
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Term
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Definition
1: Common
2: Clumsy
3: Chronic
4: Consequences
5: Co-morbid |
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Term
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Definition
Approximately 6% of school children have DCD
Associated more with boys then girls |
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Term
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Definition
Low muscle tone & difficulty with co-contraction & joint stabilization
More reliant on vision to guide motor behavior
Remain at the new learning stage much longer
Fail to see links (transfer & generalization)
*Range from Severe to Moderate |
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Term
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Definition
Health Conditions:
"Missed & Misunderstood"
Pervasive - strong evidence DCD stays into adolescent & adulthood, especially in daily living |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavioral, Academic, Social & Emotional difficulties |
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Term
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Definition
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Language based learning disabilities
Specific learning impairment |
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Term
| Vicious Circle (Wall, 1982) |
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Definition
Lack of Success in Play, Games & Sport ->
Rejection & ridicule from peers ->
Low perceived competence, poor self-esteem ->
Behavioral Problems ->
Withdrawal or Avoidance ->
Sedentary Lifestyle ->
Practice Deficit ->
Lack of Success in Play, Games & Sports |
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Term
Performance Tests of Motor Ability
(DCD) |
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Definition
Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency
McCarron Assessment of Neuromotor Development
Movement Assessment Battery for Children |
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