Term
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Definition
| Peripheral Nervous System - all structures outside of the brain and spinal cord. Sensory receptors, peripheral nerves, associated ganglia, and motor endings. |
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Term
| What are sensory receptors? |
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Definition
| Structures that are specialized to respon to stimuli. |
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Term
| Activation of _____ ______ results in the ________ that trigger impulses to the CNS. |
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Definition
| sensory receptors & depolarizations. |
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Term
| ______ - Respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch and itch. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Sensitive to changes in temperature. |
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Term
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Definition
| Respond to light energy. (retina) |
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Term
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Definition
| Respond to chemcials like smell, taste, changes in blood chemistry) |
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Term
| _______ - sensitive to pain-causing stimuli. |
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Definition
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Term
| Receptors classified by LOCATION |
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Definition
Exteroceptors - OUTSIDE the body
Interoceptors - INSIDE the body
Propioceptors - INSIDE the body |
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Term
| Exteroceptors are found where? |
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Definition
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Term
| Exteroceptors are sensitive to... |
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Definition
1.)touch
2.)pressure
3.)pain
4.)temperature
INCLUDE SPECIAL SENSE ORGANS. |
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Term
| Interoceptors are found where? |
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Definition
| Internal viscera and blood vessels. |
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Term
| Interceptors are sensitive to... |
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Definition
1.)chemical changes
2.)stretch
3.)temperature changes |
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Term
| Propioceptors are sensitive to... |
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Definition
| STRETCH! The degree of stretch of the organs they occupy. |
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Term
| Propioceptors are found where? |
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Definition
| Skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue coverings or bones and muscles. |
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Term
| Which receptor advises the brain of one's movements? |
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Definition
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Term
| Receptors classified by STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are complex receptors? |
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Definition
| Special sense organs like the eyes or ears. |
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Term
| Are simple receptors unencapsulated or encapsulated? |
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Definition
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Term
| Simple Unencapsulated receptors have what kind of nerve endings? |
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Definition
| Free dendritic nerve endings. |
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Term
| What do simple unencapsulated receptors respond to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of a simple unencapsulated receptor? |
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Definition
| Merkel discs or hair follicle receptors. |
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Term
| Meissner Corpuscles are what kind of receptor and are found where? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pacinian Corpuscles are what kind of receptor and found where? |
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Definition
| Encapsulated. Skin. Vibrational Stimuli. |
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Term
| Golgi Tendon are what kind of receptor, what is their function? |
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Definition
| Encapsulated. When activated, muscles relax. |
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Term
| Ruffin's Corpuscles are found where and what is their function? |
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Definition
| Encapsulated. Found in dermis. Respond to deep, continuous pressure. |
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Term
| Muscle Spindles are found where and what is their functionm? |
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Definition
| Encapsulated. Found in skeletal muscle. Detect stretch. |
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Term
| Joint kinesthetic are found where and what is their fnction? |
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Definition
| Encapsulated. Found in joint capsules and synovial joints. Detect stretch and movement. |
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Term
| What is the somatosensory system? |
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Definition
| The part of the sensory system serving the body wall and limbs that receives impulses from exteroceptors, propioceptors and interoceptors. |
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Term
| What are the 3 main levels of neural integration? |
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Definition
1.)Receptor - sensor receptors
2.)Circuit - ascending pathways
3.)Perceptual - neuronal circuits in cerebral cortex. |
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Term
| For a sensation to occur... |
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Definition
| a stimulus must excite a receptor and action potentials must reach the CNS. |
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Term
| The stimulus must match the ______ of the receptor. |
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Definition
| specificity. Ex: touch receptors are not sensitive to light. |
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Term
| The stimulus must be applied within a receptors ______ ______. |
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Definition
| receptive field - the particular area monitored by the receptor. |
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Term
| The stimulus energy must be great enough to be _______ into a ______ _______. |
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Definition
| transducted & graded potential. Thus creating an action potential. IPSP and EPSP. |
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Term
| A ______ potential in the associated sensory neuron must reach ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| SO, if a stimulus summates... |
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Definition
| A generator potential is formed. |
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Term
| How is strength of a stimulus coded? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are phasic receptors? |
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Definition
| Phasic - fast adapting receptors that often give bursts of impulses at the beginning or end of a stimulus. EX: pacinian corpuscle |
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Term
| What are tonic receptors? |
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Definition
| provide a sustained response with little to no adaptation. |
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Term
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Definition
| a change in sensitivity in the presence of a constant stimulus. |
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Term
| What is the goal of processing at the circuit level? |
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Definition
| to deliver impulses to the appropriate region of the cerebral cortex for stimulus localization and perception. |
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Term
| What connects receptor processing to circuit level processing? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of senses are sent along the ascending specific pathway? |
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Definition
| Discrimatory ex: touch, vibration, pressure. |
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Term
| What types of senses are sent along the ascending non-specific pathway? |
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Definition
| Nondiscrimatory ex: pain, temp, touch, and emotion aspect of sense. |
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Term
| Where does interpretation of sensory input occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is perceptual detection? |
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Definition
| the ability to detect that a stimulus has occurred. This is the simplest level of perception. |
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Term
| What is magnitude estimation? |
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Definition
| the ability to detect how intense the stimulus is. |
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Term
| What is spatial discrimination? |
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Definition
| Allows us to identify the site or pattern of stimulation. |
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Term
| What is the 2-point discrimination test? |
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Definition
| Determines how close together two points on the skin can be and still be perceieved as 2 points rather than 1. |
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Term
| What is feature abstraction? |
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Definition
| The mechanism by which a neruon or circuit is tuned to one feature in preference to others. Meaning, there is more than one feature to describe an object. |
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Term
| What is quality discrimination? |
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Definition
| The ability to differentiate the qualities of a particular sensation. |
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Term
| What is pattern recognition? |
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Definition
| The ability to take in the scene around us and recognize a familiar pattern, an unfamiliar one, or one that has special significance to us. |
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Term
Stimulus -> Circuit -> Perception
Temp Delivered Specific
Pressure as AP location on
Pain cortex
determines
type of
stimulus. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A cordlike organ of the PNS consisting of peripheral axons enclosed by connective tissues. |
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Term
| What are the three types of connective tissue in the PNS? |
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Definition
1.)Endoneurium
2.)Perineurium
3.)Epineurium |
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Term
| Which connective tissue covers axons? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which connective tissue bundles fibers into fasicles? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which connective tissue is the tough fibrous sheath around a nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| Nerves can be _______, _______, or ________. Most are mixed. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| collections of neurons cell bodies associated with nerves in the PNS. |
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Term
| Sensory neurons in the PNS are... |
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Definition
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Term
| Autonomic motor neurons in the PNS are... |
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Definition
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Term
| How many cranial nerves are there and how are they identified? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which cranial nerves have SENSORY functions? |
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Definition
I.Olfactory
II. Optic
V. Trigerminal
VII. Facial
VIII. Veribulocochlear
IX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus |
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Term
| Which cranial nerves have MOTOR function? |
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Definition
III. Oculomotor
IV. Trochlear
V. Trigeminal
VI. Abducens
VII. Facial
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
IX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus
XI. Accessory
XII. Hypoglossal |
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Term
| Which cranial nerves have PARASYMPATHETIC fibers? |
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Definition
III.Oculomotor
VII. Facial
IX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus |
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Term
| What is nerve I and what sense does is control? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is nerve II and what sense does it control? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is nerve X and what sense does it control? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many spinal nerves are located in the cervical section of the spine? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many spinal nerves are located in the thoracic section? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many spinal nerves are located in the lumbar section? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many spinal nerves are located in the sacral section? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many spinal nerves are located in the coccygeal section? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do spinal nerves connect to the spinal cord? |
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Definition
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Term
| Each root forms a series of ______ that attach to the spinal cord. |
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Definition
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Term
| Ventral roots arise from ____ horn and contain _______ fibers. |
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Definition
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Term
| Dorsal roots arise from sensory neurons in the dorsal _____ _______ and contain _______ fibers. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A branching of the spinal nerve. |
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Term
| What types of rami does the spinal nerve divide into? |
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Definition
1.) small dorsal rami
2.) lg ventral rami
3.) tiny meningeal branch |
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Term
| What does the meningeal branch do? |
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Definition
| innervates the meninges and blood vessels. |
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Term
| Where are the rami communicantes and what is their function? |
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Definition
| Base of the ventral rami in the throax. Autonomic hwy btwn spinal nerve and chain ganglion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed ONLY by ventral rami except for T1-T12. They are interlaced nerve networks. |
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Term
| Where are nerve plexuses found? |
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Definition
| Cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral region. |
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Term
| What is the result of branched nerve plexuses? |
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Definition
1.) Each results in a branch of a plexus that contains fibers from many different spinal nerves.
2.)Fibers travel to the periphery from several different routes. |
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Term
| Does each muscle receive a nerve supply from one spinal nerve or multiple? |
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Definition
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Term
| When damage is done to one part of a spinal segment, does it completely paralyze a muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is the back innervated? |
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Definition
| By dorsal rami via several branches. |
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Term
| How is the thorax innervated? |
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Definition
| By ventral rami t1-t12 as intercostal nerves. |
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Term
| What are the nerves of the cervical plexus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most important nerve of the cervical plexus? |
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Definition
| The phrenic nerve which is a major motor and sensory nerve of the diaphragm. |
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Term
| What are the nerves of the brachial plexus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four major branches of this plexus? |
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Definition
Roots - five ventral rami C5-T1
Trunks - upper, middle and lower
Divisions - anterior and posterior
Cords - lateral, medial and posterior |
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Term
| What does the axillary nerve do? |
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Definition
| Innervates the deltoid and teres minor. |
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Term
| What does the musculocutaneous nerve do? |
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Definition
| Sends fibers to the biceps brachii and brachialis |
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Term
| what does the median nerve do? |
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Definition
| Branches to most of the flexor muscles of the arm. |
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Term
| What does the ulnar nerve do? |
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Definition
| supplies the flexor carpi ulnaris and part of the flexor digitorum profundus |
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Term
| What does the radial nerve do? |
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Definition
| Innervates essentially all extensor muscles. |
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Term
| What are the nerves of the lumbar plexus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the lumbar plexus innervate? |
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Definition
| the thigh, abdominal wall, and psoas muscle. |
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Term
| What are the major nerves of the lumbar plexus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the nerves of the sacral plexus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the sacral plexus innervate? |
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Definition
| The buttox, lower limbs, pelvic structures, and the perineum. |
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Term
| What is the major nerve of the sacral plexus? |
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Definition
| The sciatic nerve. Longest and thickest in the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| The area of the skin innervated by the cutaneous branches of a single spinal nerve. |
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Term
| What nerves participate in dermatomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three levels of motor/efferent hierarchy of the PNS? |
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Definition
1.) Segmental
2.) Projection
3.) Precommand |
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Term
| What does the segmental level consist of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's does the segmental level do? |
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Definition
Receives a signal from sensory neuron.
Activates ventral horn to stimulate muscle.
Receives signals from projection levels to be sent out for motor activities.
Activates ventral horn neurons to stimulate muscle. |
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Term
| What does projection level consist of? |
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Definition
| Upper motor neurons of the motor cortex that initiate the direct (pyramidal) system, and of the brain stem motor nuclei which oversees indirect system. |
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Term
| What does the projection level do? |
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Definition
| Receives signals from precommand level. Conveys instructions to spinal cord neurons and send a copy of that information to higher levels. |
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Term
| What does the precommand level consist of? |
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Definition
| The cerebellum and basal nuclei. |
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Term
| What does the cerebellum do in the precommand level? |
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Definition
| provides status feedback on muscular activities. |
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Term
| What does the basal nuclei do in the precommand level? |
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Definition
| receives input and transmits to projection level to be sent to segmented area. |
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Term
| What does the precommand level do? |
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Definition
| Programs instructions that are modified by the feed back sent to it by the projection level. |
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