Term
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Definition
international body formed to bring nations into dialogue in hopes of preventing further world wars; much like the former League of Nations in ambition, it was more realistic in recognizing the authority of the Big Five Powers in keeping peace in the world, thus guaranting veto power to all permant members of its Security Council (Britian, China, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States)
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Term
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Definition
45 year diplomatic tension between the United States and the Soviet Union that divided much of the world into polarized camps, capitalist against communist. Most of the international conflicts during this perioud, particularly in the developing world, can be traced to the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union |
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Term
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Definition
The Iron Curtain symbolized the ideological fighting and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas in the post-WWII and Cold War era. The boundary lay vertically through the middle of Germany. On the west side was the Soviet Union, Poland, Finland, Hungary, Austria, Romania and West Germany, and on the east side was England, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and East Germany.
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Term
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Definition
America's strategy against the Soviet Union basedf on the ideas of George Kennan; it declared that the Soviet Union and communism were inherently expansionist and had to be stopped from spreading through both military and political pressure and, as a result, guided American foreign policy throughout most of the Cold War
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Term
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Definition
President Truman's universal pledge of support for any people fighting any communist or communist-inspired threat; presented to Congress in support of his request for $400 million to defend Greece and Turkey against Soviet-backed insurgencies |
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Term
| National Security Council,1947 |
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Definition
10 men and women who advise the President, in consultation with the Department of Defense, connect the dots between foreign relations and Defense
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Term
| Central Intelligence Agency(CIA),1947 |
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Definition
created by Congress in 1947. The CIA functions under the direction of the National Security Council. It serves to: coordinate information-gathering activities of all federal agencies, especially those in the Departments of State and Defense; analyze and evaluate information collected; and keep the President and National Security Council updated on all the information obtained. The CIA also conducts intelligence operations across the world, in its efforts to obtain information. It is a very secretive organization, and even Congress is largely uninformed of most of its activities, except for a few key members of Congress.
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Term
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Definition
massive aid package for all Europeans; Stalin refuses the offer "Yankee imperialism"; Euro was established with the Marshall plan- align monetary system; they had to break down trade barriers amongst each other; huge success- European countries did recover |
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Term
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Definition
comes as a result of Stalin cutting off supplies from East Berlin to West Berlin; an effort led by the United States to send in supplies to West Berlin by air around the clock; lasted for 10 months
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Term
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization(Nato),1949 |
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Definition
| United States, Canada, Britain, and France- sign a military alliance (an attack against one is an attack against all); threat of Soviet Union caused this to be formed; alliance stays together |
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Term
| Development of the hydrogen bomb,1952 |
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Definition
Ordered by Truman, the first U.S. H-bomb was exploded in 1952. The Soviets exploded their first H-bomb in 1953, and the nuclear arms race entered a dangerously competitive cycle
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Term
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Definition
Eisenhower FP that emphasized reliance on strategic nuclear weapons to deter potential threats, both conventional and nuclear, from the Eastern Bloc of nations headed by the Soviet Union
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Term
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Definition
| The "new look" defense policy of the Eisenhower administration of the 1950's was to threaten "this" with nuclear weapons in response to any act of aggression by a potential enemy. |
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Term
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Definition
The principle of not backing down in a crisis, even if it meant taking the country to the brink of war. Policy of both the U.S. and U.S.S.R. during the Cold War.
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Term
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Definition
a 184 pound satellite that the Soviets sent into space in October 1957; people in the US were mad at being bested by a communist rival
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Term
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Definition
| a competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union Sig: This investment led to great scientific advances, but also caused friction and insecurities |
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Term
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Definition
| Premier of the Soviet Union from 1958-1964, he was a communist party offical who emerge from the power struggle after Stalin's death in 1953 to lead the USSR. He crushed a pro-Western uprising of Hngary in 1956, and, in 1958, issued an ultimatum for Western evacuation of Berline. Defended Soviet-style economic planning in the Kitchen Debate with Richard Nixon in 1959 and attempted to send missiles to Cuba in 1962 but backed down when comfronted by JFK |
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Term
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Definition
| the act of expelling a person from their native land. peaceful coexistence. Term used by Khrushchev in 1963 to describe a situation in which the United States and Soviet Union would continue to compete economically and politically without launching a thermonuclear war. |
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Term
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Definition
| the buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear wea |
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Term
| Limited test ban treaty,1963 |
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Definition
| 1963 treaty in which the United States and the Soviet Union agreed not to test nuclear weapons above the ground. |
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Term
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Definition
| Created during the Vietnam War. Stated that the US would honor its existing defense commitments, but in the future other countries would have to fight their own wars without support of American troops. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China. |
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Term
| Strategic arms limitation treaty 1 (SALT 1),1972 |
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Definition
| this treaty was signed by the US/USSR; each nation agreed to reduce the number of nuclear missiles in its arsenal in exchange for US supplying the soviets with much-needed grain over the next 3 years |
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Term
| Strategic arms limitation treaty 2 (salt 2), 1979 |
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Definition
| SALT I was set to expire so carter & the soviets signed this renewal treaty; it sat ready for ratification when a world crisis got in the way; the USSR invaded afghanistan in 1979 to play a greater role in the middle east; Us were now certain that USSR wanted to take control of middle eastern oil; the US ceased shipping grain to the USSR & withdrew this treaty |
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Term
| Soviet invasion of afghanistan |
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Definition
| (1979, Jimmy Carter); purpose-restore pro-Soviet regime; destroyed hopes of Detente and hardened the relations between the US and the Soviet Union; effect- US placed an embargo on the shipment of grain to the Soviet Union |
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Term
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Definition
| a person who supports or sympathizes with a political party, especially the Communist Party, but is not an enrolled member. |
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Term
| House Un-American Activities Committee |
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Definition
| The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) was an investigating committee which investigated what it considered un-American propaganda. This congressional Committee investigated Commmunist influence inside and outside the US government after WWII. |
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Term
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Definition
| A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy, he could not be tried for espionage because of the statute of limitations |
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Term
| McCarran internal security act, 1950 |
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Definition
| United States federal law that required the registration of Communist organizations with the Attorney General in the United States and established the Subversive Activities Control Board to investigate persons thought to be engaged in "un-American" activities, including homosexuals |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as the Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1952, it kept limited immigration based on ethnicity, but made allowances in the quotas for persons displaced by WWII and allowed increased immigration of European refugees. Tried to keep people from Communist countries from coming to the U.S. People suspected of being Communists could be refused entry or deported. |
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Term
| Julius and ethel rosenberg |
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Definition
| Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. In one of the most controversial capital punishment trials of the 20th century, a man and his wife were charged, tried, convicted, and executed, for the crime of “conspiracy to commit espionage against the United States," at a time when the Cold War was just heating up. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the early 1950s, Senator McCarthy used his position in Congress to baselessly accuse high-ranking government officials and other Americans of conspiracy with communism. The term named after him refers to the dangerous forces of unfairness and fear wrought by anticommunist paranoia. ( 950) |
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Term
| Army-McCarthy Hearing, 1954 |
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Definition
| Congressional hearings called by Senator Joseph McCarthy's to accuse members of the army of communist ties. In this widely televised spectacle, McCarthy finally went too far for public approval. The hearings exposed the Senator's extremism and led to his eventual disgrace. |
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Term
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Definition
| This civil war from the 1930s was renewed after the end of WWII between Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalists and Chinese Communists led by Mao Zedong. The U.S had supported the Nationalists in WWII, but they were losing popularity because of runaway inflation and widespread corruption while the Communists appealed to poor landless peasants. Truman sent George Marshall to negotiate an end to the civil war, but it fell apart. The U.S gave the Nationalist government $400 million, but most of it ended up with the Communists do to corruption. Thus, mainland China fell to the Communists in 1949 and the Nationalists resided on an island (Taiwan). |
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Term
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Definition
| Nationalist prime minister of Iran who wished to nationalize the oil in Iran. Because of western cooperation pressure the CIA joined forces with conservative Iranian military leaders to engineer a coup that drove this man from office. They replaced him with Mohammed Reze Pahlevi, the young Shah of Iran. He acted as a pawn for the United States for the next 25 years. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tried to implant the American policy with the nationalist government of Egypt. When they joined with the Soviet Union, Dulles stopped American assistance with a dam there. He retaliated by seizing control of the Suez Canal. When this happend Israel forces attacked Egyptians, and soon the British and French landed forces to do the same. The US didn't support the invasion and persuaded French and British o withdraw troops. |
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Term
| Organization of American States, 1948 |
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Definition
| Formed in 1948 to promote democracy, economic cooperation, & human rights; Members pledged not to interfere with one another; The US often dominated this organization |
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Term
| Alliance for progress,1961 |
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Definition
| a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, 1961-63; JFK economic policy towards S.America, 10 yr. development plan where JFK promised Latin Amer. leaders that U.S. would |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1960 Eisenhower had approved a plan proposed by Allen Dulles. The US would supply money and arms in Guatemala for a force of anti-Castro Cubans. The force was trained and ready. Kennedy expected that when the force invaded Cuba, the Cubans would seize the chance to overthrow Castro, so Kennedy gave his approval to invade. 1500 Cuban refugee fighters landed in the Bay of Pigs on the South Coast of Cuba on April 17. They were not greeted as expected |
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Term
| Cuban Missile Crisis,1962 |
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Definition
| the 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba |
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Term
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Definition
1964 Communism > Moral Ethics
Policy by Thomas Mann during LBJ Admin = stability in Latin America rather than economic and political reform
= Resulted in increased amounts of Am. Military equipment and advisers in Lat. Am. To aid various regimes and to suppress communist |
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Term
| U.S Occupation of the Dominican Republic,1965 |
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Definition
Under Johnson
-We occupy D.R. to stop communist dictatorship rule |
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Term
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Definition
| Marxist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973 |
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Term
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Definition
| called for the gradual return of the Panama Canal to the people and government of Panama; provided for the transfer of canal ownership to Panama in 1999 and guaranteed its neutrality. |
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Term
| Sandinista Liberation Front |
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Definition
| Revolution in Nicaragua lead by Daniel Ortega |
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Term
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Definition
| Korean War (1950-1953) First "hot war" of the Cold war. The Korean War began in 1950 when the Soviet-backed North Koreans invaded South Korea before meeting a counter-offensive by UN Forces, dominated by the United States. The war ended in stalemate in 1953. |
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Term
| Vietnam, 1954-1961(Eisenhower Administration) |
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Definition
| This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other capitalist nations. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vietnamese nationalist and communist whose defeat of the French led to calls for American military intervention in Vietnam |
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Term
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Definition
| A 20th Century Foreign Policytheory, promoted by the government of the United States that speculated if one land in a region came under the influence of Communists, then more would follow in a domino. ... Asian version of NATO, created to block Communist expansion into Southeast Asia. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia. |
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Term
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Definition
| the guerrilla soldiers of the Communist faction in Vietnam, also know as the National Liberation Front , In 1960 the southern Vietnam formed the National Liberation Front. It's main goal was to overthrow of Diem's government. |
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Term
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Definition
| a massive surprise attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and cities in early 1968. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1968 Democratic candidate for President who ran to succeed incumbent Lyndon Baines Johnson on an anti-war platform. |
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Term
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Definition
| younger brother of JFK who entered public life as U.S. Attorney General during the Kennedy Administration. Later elected senator from New York, he became an anti-war, pro-civil rights presidental canidate in 1968, launching a popular challange to incumbent President Johnson. Amid that campaign, he was assasinated in California on June 6, 1968 |
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Term
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Definition
| 1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war. |
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Term
| Vietnamization, 1969-1973 |
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Definition
| President Richard Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in the vietnam war, involving a gradual withdrawl of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces |
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Term
| U.S. withdrawal from south vietnam, 1973 |
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Definition
| Early in 1975, the North Vietnamese made their full invasion of South Vietnam. President Ford request aid for South Vietnam, but was rejected by Congress. South Vietnam quickly fell. The last of Americans were evacuated on April 29, 1975. The United States had fought the North Vietnamese to a standstill and had then withdrawn its troops in 1973, leaving the South Vietnamese to fight their own war. The South lost, and Vietnam was reunited under Ho Chi Min. The estimated cost to America was $188 billion, with 56,000 dead and 300,000 wounded. America had lost more than a war; it had lost face in the eyes of foreigners, lost its own self-esteem, lost confidence in its military power, and lost much of the economic strength that had made possible its global leadership after WWII. |
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Term
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Definition
| Passed by Congress in 1973; the president is limited in the deployment of troops overseas to a sixty-day period in peacetime (which can be extended for an extra thirty days to permit withdrawal) unless Congress explicitly gives its approval for a longer period. Intended to reserve the right of declaring war to Congress like the Constitutional Framers intended but presidents circumvented by not calling military actions "wars." Cartoon: "Imagine Congress trying to curb my right to conduct an unconstitutional war! Why that's unconstitutional!" |
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Term
| fall of south Vietnam, 1975 |
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Definition
| The United retreated from South Vietnam, leaving the war to the South Vietnamese forces. South Vietnam was quickly overrun by the communists forces of the North. Vietnam was reunited as a country with a communist government. |
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Term
| Students for a democratic Society, 1960 |
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Definition
| Founded in 1962, the SDS was a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. It led thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960s. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ohio college where an anti-war protest got way out of hand, the Nat'l Guard was called in and killed 3 students (innocent & unarmed,wounded 9) in idiscriminate fire of M-1 rifles |
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Term
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Definition
| Top-secret documents, published by The New York Times in 1971, that showed the blunders and deceptions that led the United States into the Vietnam War. |
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Term
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Definition
- Truman
- 1948, Truman agreed on creating a nation for the jews and placed them in Palestine.
- Palestine
- 1948
- This showed the US's guilt for not doing anything for jewish people when they actually needed it during the holocaust
Historians divide the war into two phases:[13][14]
The 1947-48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine (sometimes called an "intercommunal war")[15] in which the Jewish and Arab communities of Palestine, supported by the Arab Liberation Army, clashed, while the region was still fully under British rule.
The 1948 Arab-Israeli War after 15 May 1948, marking the end of the British Mandate and the birth of Israel, in which Transjordan, Egypt, Syria and Iraq intervened and sent expeditionary forces that attacked the Israeli army. |
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Term
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Definition
| international crisis launched when Egyptian President Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, which had been owned mostly by French and British stockholders. This crisis failed without aid from the United States and marked an important turning point in the post-colonial Middle East and highlighted the rising importance of oil in world affairs |
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Term
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Definition
| Much like the Truman Doctrine, this doctrine was meant to provide financial assistance to free nations under communist threat. However, this particular doctrine was pointed at the Middle East |
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Term
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Definition
| October 6, 1973 on Yom Kippur- the Syrians and Egyptians launched a surprise attack on Israel in an attempt to recover the lands lost in the Six-Day war or 1967. Nixon ordered US nuclear forces on alert and airlifted $2 billion in arms to Israel to stem their retreat |
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Term
| Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC) |
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Definition
| an intergovernmental organization of twelve developing countries, with a principal goal of determining the best means for safeguarding the organization's interests, individually and collectively. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Camp David Accords were the peace accords signed by Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat to finally end the Israeli-Egyptian disputes. The achievement by Carter is considered his greatest achievement in office. |
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Term
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Definition
| a military force of Muslim guerilla warriors engaged in a jihad |
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Term
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Definition
| A policy proclaimed by President Carter in his states of the Union Address on Jan 23, 1980 which states that the US would use military force if necessary to defend its national interests in the Persian Gulf |
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Term
| Desegregation of the armed services,1948 |
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Definition
| In July, Truman issued an executive order establishing a policy of racial equality in the Armed Forces "be put into effect as rapidly as possible." He also created a committee to ensure its implementation. |
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Term
| Brown v. Board of Education,1954 |
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Definition
| 1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1956 statement of southern congressmen, opposing the Brown decision and defending racial segregation |
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Term
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Definition
| Civil-rights leader whose refusal to give a white man her bus seat triggered the Montgomery bus boycott |
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Term
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Definition
| U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. |
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Term
| Southern Christian Leadership Conference(SCLC), 1957 |
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Definition
| Southern Christian Leadership Conference, founded by MLK, which taught that civil rights could be achieved through nonviolent protests. |
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Term
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Definition
| Primarily a voting rights bill, was the first civil rights legislation enacted by Republicans (Eisenhower) in the United States since Reconstruction; set up a permanent Civil Rights Commission, hardly enforced |
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Term
| Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee(SNCC),1960 |
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Definition
| Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee founded in 1960; gave focus and effort to college civil rights efforts- often lost patience with CORE and NAACP; more radical- sit-ins, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| led by NAACP Youth Council, 1960 launched a wave of anti-segregation sit-ins across the South and opened a national awareness of the depth of segregation in the nation |
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Term
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Definition
| Civil Rights activists who traveled across the South on a crusade to end segregation in facilities serving interstate bus passengers; their efforts were frequently met with protests and violence; when southern officials failed to come to their aid, JFK dispatched federal marshals to protect the riders. |
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Term
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Definition
| laws passed in Southern communities to stop civil rights protests by allowing the police to arrest anyone suspected of intending to disrupt public order |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st black student admitted to the University of Mississippi; 1966 - shot during a civil rights march |
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Term
| March on Washington, 1963 |
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Definition
| 1963, massive civil rights demonstration in support of Kennedy-backed legislation to secure legal protection for blacks; MLK's "I Have a Dream" speech |
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Term
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Definition
| 1964, voter registration drive in MS by a collaboration of civil rights groups; drew the activism of 1000s of black and white civil rights workers (mostly students from the North); marred by abduction/murder of 3 workers by white racists |
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Term
| March from Selma to Montgmery |
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Definition
| 1965, black protestors petition for the right to vote outside Selma's city hall and were ignored; they then marched to Montgomery and were met by police with tear gas and clubs |
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Term
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
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Definition
| 1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it created jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap |
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Term
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Definition
| 1965, neighborhood in Los Angeles, CA; race riot broke out with millions of dollars in damage and 28 African Americans dead |
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Term
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Definition
| 1965, doctrine of militancy and separatism; rejected MLK's pacifism and desire for integration; promoted pride in African heritage and militant defense of rig |
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Term
| Nation of Islam(Black Muslims) |
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Definition
| founded by Elijah Muhammad; Islamic beliefs, separatism, and self-improvement for blacks |
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Term
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Definition
| Nation of Islam member; advocated self-defense and black vs white violence; assassinated in 1965 |
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Term
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Definition
| CA 1966, armed black militants to protect black rights; growing dissatisfaction with nonviolence |
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Term
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Definition
| nationwide reaction in 100+ cities to MLK's assassination |
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Term
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Definition
| governor who represented "white backlash" to the civil rights movement; opposed desegregation; 1968 - ran for president as an independent candidate |
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Term
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Definition
| It originally focused on veteran's issues such as payment of pensions and access to health care. But the group quickly expanded to other issues such as job discrimination, housing segregation, poll taxes, voter registration, and segregated schools. |
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Term
| The Feminine Mystique,1963 |
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Definition
| Betty Friedan's book stated that the feminine mystique of the 1950's was "the highest value and the only commitment for women is the fulfillment of their own femininity". |
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Term
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Definition
| (1963) made it illegal to pay women lower wages than men for the job solely because they are women. Prohibited discrimination based on gender in wages and benefits. |
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Term
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Definition
| part of 1964 Civil Rights Act - prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin; also prohibits discrimination against an individual because of his or her association with another individual of a particular race, color, religion, sex, or national origin |
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Term
| National Organization for women |
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Definition
| The NATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR WOMEN was formed in 1966 and functions to advocate for and raise public awareness of women's issues. NOW was a central part of the women's liberation movement in the 1960s. |
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Term
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Definition
| - New York city @ a bar called Stonewall Inn - Triggered activist protests among gays and lesbians - police raided gay bar - people fought back - became symbol of oppression of gays, began the gay pride movement |
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Term
| Equal Rights Amendment,1972 |
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Definition
| proposed amendment to the U.S. constitution passed by Congress and submitted to the states for ratification in 1971; outlawing discrimination based on gender, it was at first seen as a great victory by women's-rights groups. The amendment fell 3 states short of the 38 required for ratification. However, many states have adopted similar amendments to their state constitutions |
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Term
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Definition
| The Mexican-American movement that sought political and social justice. The Chicano Movement addressed negative stereotyping of Mexicans, this stereotyping was addressed through works of literary and visual arts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers. He helped to improve conditions for migrant farm workers and unionize them. |
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Term
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Definition
| (AIM) A Native American organization founded in 1968 to protest government policies and injustices suffered by Native Americans; in 1973, organized the armed occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota. |
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Term
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Definition
| a massacre in 1890 that started when Sioux left the reservation in protest because of the death of Sitting Bull. The US army killed 150 sioux at wounded knee; last major incident in the great plains. |
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Term
| Indian self-determination and education assistance act,1974 |
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Definition
| Authorized Secretaries of the Interior and of Health, Education and Welfare to open negotiations with recognized native american tribes. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1962. Warren Court decision requires state legislatures to apportion electoral districts so that all citizen's votes have equal weight. Strengthened city voters and city-dwelling minorities (Hispanics, African-Americans, etc) by outlawing skew towards rural areas in many states. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1962. U.S. Supreme Court rules that prayer in public schools is constitutional. |
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Term
| Gideon v. Wainwright,1963 |
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Definition
| 1824. U.S. Supreme Court strengthens regulation of interstate commerce by claiming that Congress's power to grant a license supersedes a state's ability to grant a monopoly. |
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Term
| Lyndon Johnson's Great Society,1964 |
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Definition
| President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education. |
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Term
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Definition
| The War on Poverty is the unofficial name for legislation first introduced by United States President Lyndon B. Johnson during his State of the Union address on January 8, 1964. This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent. |
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Term
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Definition
| a federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them (low-income families) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1965; health care for the aged, a federally administered system of health insurance available to persons aged 65 and over. Created by LBJ |
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Term
| Grisworld v. Connecticut,1965 |
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Definition
| struck down a state law that banned the use of contraceptives, even by married couples, creating a "right to privacy." |
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Term
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Definition
| ruled that those who were arrested had to the "right to remain silent." |
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Term
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Definition
| This provided a range of benefits for returning WW2 veterans. They included low-cost mortgages, low-interest loans, cash payments of tuition, and living expenses to attend school. It was a major factor in creating the American middle class and increasing racial inequality because it was not offered to black soldiers. |
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Term
| Natinal Defense Student Loans,1958 |
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Definition
| In an effort to increase the technological power of the USA, strengthen the national defense, and improve educational programs, Eisenhower granted funding to United States education institutions at all levels. He also provided direct loans to students to help them attend college. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Sun Belt is a region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the Southeast and Southwest. Another rough definition of the region is the area south of the 36th parallel. |
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Term
| Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 |
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Definition
| abolished the national-origins quotas and providing for the admission each year of 170,000 immigrants from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western Hemisphere |
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Term
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Definition
| financial or other assistance to an individual or family from a city, state, or national government. Silent Spring. A book written (Rachel Carson) to voice the concerns of environmentalists. Launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization development. |
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Term
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Definition
| Day of celebration and awareness of global environmental issues launched by conservationists on April 22, 1970; reflected the growing concern and interest in environmentalism. |
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Term
| Envioronmental Protection agency, 1970 |
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Definition
| Federal agency established by Nixon to protect and preserve the environment; along with the Clean Air Act, the Endangered Species Act, and the establishment of OSHA, this agency made notable progress in reducing automobile emissions and cleaning up waterways and toxic dump sites. |
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| 1970- law that established national standards for states, strict auto emissions guidelines, and regulations, which set air pollution standards for private industry. |
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| (March 28, 1979) (Carter) A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius. |
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| Baby Boom. A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. |
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| Young poets, writers and artists who criticized bureaucracy and middle-class society - opposed sterility and conformity. |
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| Genre of popular music that fused black rhythm and blues with white bluegrass and country styles, crossing the cultural divide that had separated black and white musical traditions. |
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| refers to the summer of 1967 when as many as 100,000 people converged on the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of SF creating a phenomenon of cultural and political rebellion; SF was the center of the hippie revolution and became a defining moment in the 1960s as the hippie counterculture movement came into public awareness |
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Term
| students for a democratic society |
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Definition
| founded in Michigan 1962; radical organization wanted to rid American society of poverty, racism, and violence; embraced liberal reforms; advocated participator democracy; individual > group |
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Term
| berkeley free speech movement,1964-1965 |
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Definition
| 1964-1965 students insisted that the university administration lift a ban on on-campus political activities and acknowledge the students; right to free speech and academic freedom. campus uprising started here |
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| Outspoken conservative movement of the 1980s that emphaszed such "social issues" as opposition to abortion, the Equal Rights Amendment, pornography, homosexuality, and affirmative action |
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| Nixon's plan to achieve a solid majority vote in 1972 (he had been elected as a minority president) by courting southern voters; his plan included appointing conservative Supreme Court justices, soft-pedaling civil rights, and opposing school busing to achieve racial balance. |
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| Scandal that erupted when five men from CREEP (the Republican Committee for the Reelection of the President) were arrested after a failed attempt to "bug" the Democratic party headquarters; the Senate conducted televised hearings into the matter and Nixon was accused of obstructing justice by covering up the break-in; he refused to hand over incriminating taped conversations and fired his attorney general and other legal counsel; eventually the tapes were released and, facing impeachment, Nixon resigned in shame. |
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| Landmark Supreme Court case that struck down laws prohibiting abortion, arguing that a woman's decision to terminate a pregnancy was protected by the constitutional right to privacy. |
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| The opposition to abortion spurted this movement. It had large religous backers from the Christian and Catholic churches. The oppostition to this was the Pro-Choice Movement, which highlighted the women's right to choose whether and when to bear a child. |
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| the tax revolt led by the new right had its first public beginnings in 1978, when Howard Jarvis, a conservative activist in California, launched the first successful major citizens' tax revolt in California with this proposition, a referendum question on the state ballot rolling back property rates. |
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Term
| Bakke v. University of california,1978 |
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Definition
| (1978) Ruled that a university's use of racial "quotas" in its admissions process was unconstitutional, but a school's use of "affirmative action" to accept more minority applicants was constitutional in some circumstances. |
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| A conservative female political activist. She stopped the ERA from being passed, seeing that it would hinder women more than it would help them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Focus on the Family (FOTF or FotF) is an American Christian conservative organization founded in 1977 by psychologist James Dobson, based in Colorado Springs, Colorado. ... Focus on the Family is one of a number of evangelical parachurch organizations that rose to prominence in the 1980s. |
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| Moral Majority was a political group made up of fundamentalist Christians. Although not it did not accomplish much, it did show that Americans were starting to worry about the moral fabric of society. |
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Definition
| when Carter entered office inflation soared, due to toe the increases in energy prices by OPEC. In the summer of 1979, instability in the Middle East produced a major fuel shortage in the US, and OPEC announced a major price increase. Facing pressure to act, Carter retreated to Camp David, the presidential retreat in the Maryland Mountains. Ten days later, Carter emerged with a speech including a series of proposals for resolving the energy crisis. |
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Term
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Definition
| During the 60's and 70's, the U.S. was suffering from 5.3% inflation and 6% unemployment. Refers to the unusual economic situation in which an economy is suffering both from inflation and from stagnation of its industrial growth. |
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Term
| Cater's "Malaise" speech,1979 |
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Definition
| National address by Jimmy Carter in July 1979 in which the President chided American materialism and urged a communal spirit in the face of economic hardships. Although Carter intended the speech to improve both public morale and his standings as a leader, it had the opposite effect and was widely perceived as a political disaster for the embattled president. |
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Term
| Iranian hostage crisis,1979 |
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Definition
| In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity. |
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Term
| Supply-side economics(reaganomics) |
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Definition
| The economic theory of "Reaganomics" that emphasized cutting taxes and government spending in order to stimulate investment, productivity, and economic growth by private enterprise |
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Term
| Economic recovery tax act,1981 |
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Definition
| in the summer of 1981, Congress passed the Economic Recovery Tax Act, the largest tax reduction in the US history. Rates of individuals with the lowest incomes fell from 14 percent to 11 percent, while those of individuals with the high incomes dropped from 70 to 50 percent. The law gave corporations tax breaks and cut taxes on capital gains, gifts, and inheritances. |
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Term
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Definition
| Emerged in parts of the West in the late 70s, mobilized conservative opposition to environmental laws and restrictions on development. It also portrayed the West as a victim of government control. It demanded government-owned land to be opened for development. |
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Term
| Contract with america,1994 |
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Definition
| The Contract with America was the conservative action of more than 300 Republican Congressional candidates who signed it. Led by the Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, the contract was presented at a September 27, 1994 press conference. |
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Term
| Planned parenthood v. casey |
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Definition
| Four of the original five conditions on abortions upheld -- Informed consent, 24 hour waiting period, parental consent for a minor, and the imposition of certain reporting info from abortion facilities. Spousal notification was overturned. |
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Term
| Increase in the budget deficit and national debt |
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Definition
| Tax cuts and defense spending leads to a large national debt in the 80's |
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Term
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Definition
| Bill Clinton seeking to achieve liberal objectives (like equal opportunity) through conservative means (like supporting buisness) |
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Term
| North American Free Trade Agreement,1993 |
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Definition
| Agreement between the U.S., Canada, and Mexico to eliminate tariffs |
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Term
| Medicare Modernization Act,2003 |
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Definition
| Bush adds benefits for prescription drugs to the medicare system |
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Term
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Definition
Also known as ObamaCare
-reforming of the health care system for universal coverage
-rejected under Clinton and passes under Obama |
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Term
| Stategic Defense Initiative(SDI) |
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Definition
Reagan's program to create laser satellites against nuclear missles
-referred to as the Star Wars plan |
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Term
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Definition
Leader of the Soviet union beginning in 1985
-political and economic reform
-good relationship with U.S. (détente) |
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Term
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Definition
Contra forces (group of revolutionaries) are trying to overthrow Nicaragua's communist government
-U.S. sells weapons to Iran in exchange for American hostages
-Iran gives money to Contra for the overthrow
-Bites our government in the butt when it comes back around (Contra try to smuggle drugs into U.S.) |
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Term
| Strategic Arms Reduction Talks(START) |
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Definition
| Reagan and the Soviets reduce the number of Nuclear weapons |
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Term
| Intermediate Nuclear Force Treaty,1987 |
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Definition
| Destruction of U.S. and Soviet missiles in Europe |
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Term
| Fall of the Berlin Wall,1989 |
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Definition
| Torn down in 1989, marking the end of the Cold War |
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Term
| Fall of the Soviet Union,1991 |
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Definition
Occurred due to the rise in nationalism and independence of the Soviet satellites and economic problems
-December 26, 1991 is the last day |
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Term
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Definition
| Under Bush, the U.S. defeats Iraq when Sadaam Husein of Iraq leads an invasion on Kuwait |
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Term
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Definition
| Signed by three Bosnian ethnic groups in Dayton, Ohio agreeing to end their civil war |
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Term
| Bombing of Yugoslavia,1999 |
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Definition
| NATO bombs Yugoslavia in order to remove troops from Kosovo |
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Term
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Definition
Terrorist network started in 1989 by Osama Bin Laden
-Militant Islamic group (violent) |
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Term
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Definition
| Muslim fundamentalists gain control of Afghanistan in 1996 and uphold a very strict government |
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Term
| Attacks on the world trade center and the pentagon,September 11,2011 |
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Definition
The World Trade Center and the Pentagon are where the attacks occurned and over 3000 were killed
-starts the war on terrorism |
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Term
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Definition
Allows the government to deal with suspected terrorists
-passed by Bush |
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Term
| Department of Homeland Security,2001 |
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Definition
| Cabinet department (executive branch) to protect the U.S. from terrorist attacks, accidents, and natural disasters |
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Term
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Definition
| Starts after 9/11 when NATO forces lead by the U.S. dismantle Al Queda and attempt to remove the Taliban from power |
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Term
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Definition
| Operation Iraqi Freedom -we occupy Iraq and help to form a new government |
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Term
| Weapons of Mass Destruction |
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Definition
Nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons that kill large numbeZrs
-one of the reasons for invading Iraq |
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Term
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Definition
| Northeastern states experience economic decline, population loss, and urban decay due to loss of industry |
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Term
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Definition
| Rapidly growing suburb cities |
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Term
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Definition
| The economic boom of the mid 90's lead by computers and telecommunication |
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Term
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Definition
| United Nations agreement to reduce emissions rates of carbon dioxide into the air |
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Term
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Definition
| Idea of the gradual warming of the earths surface |
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Term
| Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 |
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Definition
A law that prohibits hiring illegals (undocumented foreigners)
-it grants legal residents if u enter the U.S. before 1982 |
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Term
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Definition
Increases the number of immigrants allowed into the U.S. per year
-preference for skilled workers |
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Term
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Definition
| Coexistence of many cultures to reduce sexism, racism, and discrimination |
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Term
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Definition
| Term used to describe the barrier preventing women and sometimes minorities from rising higher within companies |
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Term
| Don't Ask, Don't Tell,1994 |
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Definition
Prohibits the military from discrimination against homosexuals, BUT bars any openly homosexual from serving
-Under President Clinton |
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Term
| Defense of Marriage Act,1996 |
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Definition
A federal law defining marriage as a legal contract between a man and a woman
-Under President Clinton |
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Term
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Definition
| First woman speaker of the House |
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Term
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Definition
| First African American President |
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Term
| United States v. windsor,2013 |
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Definition
| It is unconstitutional to deny the federal benefits of marriage to same-sex couples where marriage was preformed or recognized in states where same-sex marriage is legal |
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Term
| Obergefell v, hodges,2015 |
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Definition
petitioners that included 14 same-sex couples and 2 with their same-sex partners are deceased filed for the right of same-sex marriage
2015
filed for the right of same-sex marriage
Kentucky |
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