Term
Components of the periodontium that can be identified radiographically |
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Definition
include the alveolar bone, periodontal ligament space, lamina dura, and cementum. |
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Term
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Definition
Maxilla—The bone is a thin shell.
Mandible—The bone is dense; appears as a thick white border.
Interdentally as a thin white line
Lattice-like filling interior p |
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Term
Crest of the Alveolar Bone |
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Definition
If the coronal bone level is within 3 mm of the CEJ, it is considered normal.The normal level is about 2 mm apical to the CEJ.It is difficult to detect bone loss on radiograph if the bone loss is less than 3 mm. |
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Term
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Definition
Thin layer of dense bone that lines a normal tooth socket Appears as a continuous white line around the tooth root Radiographically, it is continuous with |
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Term
Periodontal Ligament Space |
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Definition
Functions as an attachment of the tooth to the lamina dura of the socket Appears as a thin radiolucent line surrounding the tooth root A widening of PDL space on radiograph indicates |
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Term
What are the benefits of using radiographs in a periodontal examination? |
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Definition
Tooth root morphology Relationship of the maxillary sinus to the periodontal deBony changes caused by diseaseformity Widening of the PDL space Advanced furcation involvement |
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Term
Radiographic Signs of Periodontal Disease |
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Definition
Early bony changes Horizontal bone loss,Vertical bone loss,Bone defects Furcation involvement |
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Term
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Definition
Widening of the PDL space caused by bone resorption on either the mesial or the distal of the interdental crestal bone |
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Term
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Definition
Finger-like radiolucent projections extending from the crestal bone into the interdental alveolar bone,Represent a reduction of mineralized tissue adjacent to blood vessel channels in the alveolar bone |
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Term
Assessment of Furcation Involvemen |
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Definition
Is not seen on the radiograph until the bone resorption extends past the furcation area
Easier to see on mandibular than maxillary Maxillary palatal root appears superimposed over furcation of the tooth. Furcation involvement often is greater than it appears on the radiograph |
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Term
Recognizing Other Local Risk Factors |
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Definition
Faulty restorations Calculus deposits Trauma from occlusion |
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Term
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Definition
study of the health & disease within the total population rather than an individual |
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Term
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Definition
study periodontal disease to determine its occurrence in the population & to identify risk factors for periodontal disease |
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Term
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Definition
refers to the number of all cases both old & new of a disease that can be identified within a specified population at a given point in time |
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Term
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Definition
number of new disease cases in a population that occur over a given period of time - only new cases |
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Term
variables associated with the prevalence of disease |
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Definition
gender, education, age, access to dental care |
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Term
community & periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN) |
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Definition
assesses probing depths & bleeding; developed to attain more uniform worldwide epidemiologic data; maybe used for measuring group periodontal needs |
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Term
Eastman interdental bleeding index (EIBI) |
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Definition
assess presence of inflammation & bleeding in the interdental area upon toothpick insertion |
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Term
gingival bleeding index (GBI) |
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Definition
assess presence of gingival inflammation by bleeding from interproximal sulcus wihtin 10 seconds of flossing |
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Term
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Definition
assesses severity of gingivitis based on color, consistency, & bleeding on probing |
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Term
periodontal screening & recording (PSR) |
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Definition
assesses periodontal health in a rapid manner including probing depths, bleeding & presence of hard deposits |
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Term
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Definition
soft tissue color, tissue swelling, loss of periodontal ligaments, loss of alveolar bone, bleeding upon probing, spontaneous bleeding, probing depths |
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Term
three main bacteria for perio |
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Definition
aggergatibacter actinomtcetemcomitans tannerella forsythia porphyromonas gingivalis |
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Term
how many bacteria with gingivitis |
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Definition
1,000-100,000 gram-negative 40% |
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Term
how many bacteria in perio |
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Definition
100,000-100,000,000 74% gram-neg |
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Term
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Definition
attached,free,interdental,gingival sulcus |
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Term
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Definition
bac capable of causing harm |
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Term
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Definition
double cell membranes belived to play an imporant role in inflammatory perio |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
can not live in the presents of O2 |
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Term
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Definition
can exist with or without O2 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
more then 99% of all bac on earth are |
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Term
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Definition
a living film,well organized,organism and debris,anywere in nature,have a major onhuman life |
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Term
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Definition
a shield protecting the bac from antibiotices,antimicrobials, and the body immune system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
what is cementun to enamale over lap meet gap |
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Definition
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Term
What is the HOST IMMUNE RESPONSE to periodontal pathogens? |
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Definition
The way that the body responds to periodontal pathogens is known as the |
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Term
what is the prime prurpose of the human immune system? |
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Definition
The prime purpose of the human immune system is to defend the life of the individual (host) |
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Term
The body’s defenses are employed |
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Definition
to save the life of the host, NOT to preserve the tooth or its supporting periodontal tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
are biologically active compounds secreted by the immune cells that activate the body’s inflammatory response |
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Term
Inflammatory mediators of importance in periodontal disease are: |
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Definition
Prostaglandins Cytokine Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) |
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Term
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Definition
Influence the behavior of other cells Powerful mediators produced by immune cells Signal to the immune system to send more phagocytes to site of infection |
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Term
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Definition
Recruit cells (PMNs and macrophages) to infection site
Increase vascular permeability that increases movement of immune cells into the tissues
Can initiate tissue destruction and bone loss in chronic infections, such as periodontal disease |
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Term
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Definition
Powerful inflammatory mediators
Series of prostaglandins—D, E, F, G, H, I
Most cells can produce prostaglandins |
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Term
funtions of the prostaglandins |
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Definition
Increase permeability and dilatation of blood vessels to promote increased movement of immune cells and complement to the infection site
Trigger osteoclasts—bone-consuming cells—to destroy the alveolar bone |
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Term
Functions of Prostaglandins (cont.) |
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Definition
Promote the overproduction of destructive MMP enzymes
Prostaglandins of the E series (PGE) initiate most of the alveolar bone destruction in periodontitis. |
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Term
Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) |
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Definition
Produced by various cells of the body—PMNs, macrophagFamily of at least 12 different enzymeses, fibroblasts, JE cells
Enzymes act together to breakdown connective tissue matrix
Doxycycline- inhibit MMP-Periostat |
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Term
Function of MMPs in Health |
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Definition
In health, MMPs facilitate normal turnover of the periodontal connective tissue matrix. |
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Term
MMPs—Chronic Bacterial Infection |
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Definition
MMPs are released in an attempt to kill invading bacteria.
Overproduction of MMPs results in breakdown of connective tissue of the periodontium |
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Term
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Definition
In periodontal disease, the immune system fights to defend the body from periodontal pathogens, NOT to preserve the periodontium or teeth.
It is the body’s response to the periodontal pathogens that is the cause of nearly all the destruction seen in periodontitis. |
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Term
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Definition
—recruit PMNs and macrophages to the infection site |
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Term
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Definition
—increase vascular permeability allowing immune cells and complement to move to the infection site |
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Term
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Definition
—facilitate normal turnover of the connective tissue matrix |
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Term
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Definition
—initiate tissue destruction and bone loss |
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Term
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Definition
—alveolar bone destruction |
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Term
Does a bacterial infection of the periodontium always result in periodontitis? |
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Definition
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Term
What role does the immune system play in tissue destruction? |
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Definition
causes tissue destruction in an attempt to stop bacterial infection |
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Term
Intensity of immune response to periodontal pathogens varies considerably from one individual to another.T/F |
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Definition
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Term
Local immune response can vary in intensity from site to site within a patient’s mouth.T/F |
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Definition
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Term
Some people with abundant bacterial plaque exhibit only mild disease T/F |
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Definition
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Term
Others with light bacterial plaque suffer severe disease. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
Untreated gingivitis does not always lead to periodontitis. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
will Everyone infected with pathogens get periodontal disease? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
Pathogenic bacteria infect the periodontium.
The body responds by mobilizing defensive cells.
Cells release a series of chemicals to fight bacteria. |
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Term
Complex interactions between periodontal pathogens and host response determine ?. |
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Definition
the onset and severity of periodontal disease. |
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Term
Early bacterial accumulation phase |
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Definition
Early gingivitis—plaque overgrowth phase
Established gingivitis—subgingival plaque phase
Periodontitis—tissue destruction phase |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
—subgingival plaque phase |
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Term
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Definition
s—tissue destruction phase |
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Term
Early Bacterial Accumulation Phase |
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Definition
Bacteria colonize the tooth near the gingival margin. Bacteria initiate host response. PMNs pass from bloodstream into the gingival connective tissue. PMNs release cytokines that destroy gingival connective tissue, allowing PMNs to move quickly through the tissue. PMNs migrate into the sulcus and phagocytize bacteria |
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Term
Early Gingivitis—Plaque Overgrowth Phase |
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Definition
Bacteria penetrate into the connective tissue. More PMNs are attracted to the site; they release more cytokines causing more localized destruction of the connective tissue. Macrophages are recruited to the connective tissue. They release cytokines, PGE2, and MMPs. |
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Term
Established Gingivitis—Subgingival Plaque Phase |
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Definition
Plaque biofilm extends subgingivally and disrupts the attachment of the coronal-most portion of the JE. Macrophages and lymphocytes are most numerous in the connective tissue; PMNs continue to fight bacteria in the sulcus. Host cells produce more toxic chemicals—cytokines, PGE2, and MMPs. |
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Term
Periodontitis—Tissue Destruction Phase |
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Definition
Plaque biofilm grows along the root surface. The immune response becomes chronic; intense inflammation begins to harm the periodontium. Cytokines destroy the connective tissue and PDL fibers. Cytokines, PGE2, and MMPs destroy the connective tissue and bone. PGE2 initiates bone |
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Term
Mechanisms of Alveolar Bone Destruction |
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Definition
Macrophages produce cytokines, PGE2, and MMPs. These mediators stimulate fibroblasts to secrete PGE2 and MMP. Mediators from the macrophages and fibroblasts result in destruction of the connective tissue. PGE2 stimulates osteoclasts to resorb the crest of the alveolar bone |
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Term
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Definition
is a bacterial infection of the periodontium. |
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Term
The presence of bacteria, ? |
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Definition
, however, does not necessarily mean that an individual will experience periodontitis. |
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Term
the bodys defense mechanism is |
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Definition
referred to as the host defense. |
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Term
For the periodontium to remain healthy, |
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Definition
the bacterial infection must be controlled so as not to trigger a chronic, exaggerated host immune response |
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Term
The body’s immune response to the bacteria causes |
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Definition
most of the tissue destruction in the periodontal tissues |
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Term
What are the characteristics of the gingival tissues in health? |
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Definition
Healthy tissue is free of inflammation and has not been altered by disease or trauma |
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Term
What are the characteristics of the gingival tissues in gingivitis? |
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Definition
Plaque biofilm at the gingival margin stimulates the host immune response.
Inflammatory response to bacteria results in clinical changes.
Changes involve free and attached gingiva and papilla. |
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Term
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Definition
—short duration; resolves upon professional and good self-care |
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Term
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Definition
—may exist for years without ever progressing to periodontitis; resolves upon professional and good self-care |
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Term
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Definition
—increased blood flow causes tissue to appear bright red |
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Term
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Definition
—tissue appears bluish red or purplish red |
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Term
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Definition
Increased tissue fluid enlarges marginal and interproximal gingival tissue.
Can be localized to a few areas or involve the whole mouth |
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Term
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Definition
can play a role in gingivitis. |
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Term
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Definition
causes the gingival tissues to bleed easil |
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Term
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Definition
(A) results in ulceration of the pocket wall (B) is an important indicator of inflammation. |
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Term
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Definition
—confined to tissue of a single tooth or group of teeth |
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Term
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Definition
—occurring in all or most of the mouth |
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Term
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Definition
—Inflammation is confined to the papilla. |
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Term
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Definition
—Inflammation is confined to the gingival margin and papilla |
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Term
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Definition
—Inflammation is throughout the gingival margin, papilla, and attached gingiva; extending to the mucogingival junction |
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Term
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Definition
is a uniform pink color, with tapered margins, pointed papilla, and a firm consistency |
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Term
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Definition
, the gingiva is red to purplish red, with rolled margins, altered papillae, and a spongy consistency |
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Term
Healthy tissue does not bleed T/F |
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Definition
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Term
Characteristics Common to ALL Gingival Diseases |
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Definition
No attachment loss associated with the inflammation Signs of inflammation confined to the gingiva Initiated by plaque biofilm Inflammation reversible with plaque removal May progress to periodontitis if left untreated |
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Term
Dental Plaque-Induced Gingival Diseases |
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Definition
periodontal diseases involving inflammation of the gingiva in response to dental plaque |
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Term
Dental Plaque-Induced Gingival Diseases |
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Definition
Dental plaque-induced gingival diseases Plaque-Induced Gingivitis on a Periodontium with NO Attachment Loss Reduced but Stable Periodontium Gingival Diseases with Modifying Factors Plaque-Associated Gingival Diseases Modified by Medications Gingival Diseases Modified by Systemic Factors |
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Term
What are the non–plaque-induced lesions? |
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Definition
Gingival Diseases of Specific Bacterial Origin |
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Term
Gingivitis on a Reduced but Stable Periodontium |
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Definition
This type occurs in patients who have been successfully treated for PERIODONTITS. At a later date, after successful treatment of the periodontitis, the patient develops gingivitis. At this later date when the GINGIVITIS occurs, periodontitis is NOT present |
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Term
Gingivitis on Reduced but Stable Periodontium (cont.) |
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Definition
Pre-existing bone loss from previous history of periodontitis
Plaque at the gingival margin
All other signs of plaque-induced |
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Term
Plaque-Induced Gingivitis on a Periodontium with NO Attachment Loss |
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Definition
Most common form Plaque at gingival margin Redness, tenderness Swollen margins Bleeding upon probing Damage reversible with good patient |
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Term
Gingivitis Associated with Dental Plaque Only (cont.) |
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Definition
or character of the bone.No attachment loss in the gingivitis Radiographs reveal no changes in the height of bone |
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Term
Plaque-Induced Gingivitis on a Reduced but Stable Periodontium |
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Definition
This type occurs in patients who have been successfully treated for PERIODONTITS. At a later date, after successful treatment of the periodontitis, the patient develops gingivitis. At this later date when the GINGIVITIS occurs, periodontitis is NOT present. |
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Term
Three main categories of gingival diseases with modifying factors are: |
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Definition
Systemic factors Medications Malnutrition |
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Term
Gingival Diseases Modified by Systemic Factors |
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Definition
n this form of gingival disease, plaque initiates the disease and then specific systemic factors found in the host modify the disease process. |
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Term
The signs of inflammation seem exaggerated in relation to the amount of plaque present in this 12-year-old female patient |
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Definition
Example—Puberty-Associated Gingivitis |
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Term
Example—Pregnancy-Associated Gingivitis |
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Definition
An exaggerated inflammatory response; usually occurring during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy |
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Term
Example—Pregnancy-Associated Pyogenic Granuloma (“Pregnancy Tumor”) |
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Definition
A localized mushroom-shaped gingival mass projecting from the gingival margin or gingival papilla during pregnancy |
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Term
Pyogenic Granuloma (“Pregnancy Tumor” |
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Definition
It is a mushroom-like growth. It is more common in the maxilla and in gingival papillae. Growths are not cancerous. Growths are usually not painful. There is an exaggerated response to an irritation. Growth bleeds easily if disturbed. Growth usually regresses after giving birth. |
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Term
Drug-influenced gingivitis |
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Definition
—an exaggerated inflammatory response to dental plaque and a systemic medication |
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Term
Drug-influenced gingival enlargement— |
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Definition
—an increase in size of the gingiva resulting from systemic medications |
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Term
will Plaque accumulation initiation of gingival enlargement? |
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Definition
no, but it will exacerbate the gingival disease |
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Term
Meticulous plaque control can reduce but will not eliminate gingival overgrowth. T/F |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Onset within 3 months of taking medication Higher prevalence in children Gingiva on anterior sextants most commonly affectedExaggerated response to plaque Enlargement first observed at the interdental papilla |
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Term
|
Definition
Good daily self-care control limits the severity of gingival overgrowth |
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Term
who are At risk for vitamin deficiencies: |
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Definition
Infants Institutionalized elderly Alcoholics |
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Term
Ascorbic Acid-Deficiency Gingivitis |
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Definition
An inflammatory response to dental plaque aggravated by chronically low ascorbic acid (vitamin C) levels |
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Term
Ascorbic Acid-Deficiency Gingivitis (cont.) |
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Definition
Bright red Swollen Ulcerated bleeds easly |
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Term
Gingival Diseases of Specific Bacterial Origin are ? |
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Definition
characterized by a bacterial infection of the gingiva by a specific bacterium that is not a common component of the bacterial plaque biofilm Infection by a bacterium that is not usually considered to be a periodontal pathogen |
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Term
Atypical Mycobacterial Infection |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis (PHG) |
|
Definition
Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis—the initial oral infection with the herpes simplex type-1 virus (HSV-1)
Characterized by redness and multiple vesicles (tiny fluid-filled blisters) that easily rupture to form painful ulcers
Usually affects infants and young children but may affect young adults |
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Term
Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis (cont.) |
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Definition
In some individuals, the initial infection presents with intensely painful gingivitis and vesicles that rupture to form painful ulcers. Once infected, most people develop immunity to the virus. In some individuals, the HSV-1 can remain latent and be responsible to recurrent oral herpetic lesions (cold sores). |
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Term
Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis (cont.) |
|
Definition
red marginal gingivaFiery Swollen papillae that bleed easily Painful Yellowish ulcers surrounded by red halo Fever Dehydration is a concern. |
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Term
Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis (cont.)how can spread |
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Definition
Infection is contagious during the vesicular stage! Infection can be spread to eyes by touching the mouth and then eyes. Infection can be spread to others by kissing. |
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Term
Linear Gingival Erythema? |
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Definition
Characterized by inflammation that is exaggerated for the amount of plaque present A gingival manifestation of immunosuppression Does not respond well to improved oral self-care or professional therapy |
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Term
Linear Gingival Erythema (cont.)Characterized by |
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Definition
a distinct red band that is limited to the free gingiva Often associated with HIV infection |
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Term
|
Definition
Disease of the skin and mucous membranes |
|
|
Term
Lichen Planus Characterized |
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Definition
Characterized by an itchy, swollen rash on the skin or in the mouth |
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Term
Lichen Planus Exact cause |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
May be an allergic or immune reaction |
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Term
Oral Lichen Planus looks like |
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Definition
Intense redness of the gingiva Ulcerations Interlacing white lines may be present. Raised white lesions may be present. |
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Term
|
Definition
Disorder of the skin and mucous membranes |
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Term
Erythema Multiforme May be due to |
|
Definition
May be due to allergic reaction or infection |
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Term
Erythema Multiforme looks like |
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Definition
Large red blotches, resembling targets, appear all over the skin. Blisters and ulcers occur on the oral mucous membranes. |
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Term
Erythema Multiforme (cont.)lookes like |
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Definition
Ulcerations of the gingivaCrust formation on the lower lip |
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Term
Allergic Reactions of the Gingiva can happen how |
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Definition
Can occur to ingredients in toothpastes, mouthwashes, or chewing gum Usually a result of a flavor additive or a preservative in the product Cinnamon and carvone are two flavor additives known to cause allergic reactions of the gingiva. |
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Term
Allergic Reaction to Toothpaste |
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Definition
Reaction to additive in toothpaste Most common in those with history of other allergies Tissue sloughing of mucosa |
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Term
Gingival diseases are the: |
|
Definition
Most common form of periodontal disease Mildest form of periodontal disease |
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Term
The two major subdivisions of gingival diseases are: |
|
Definition
Dental plaque–induced gingival diseases Non–plaque-induced gingival diseases |
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Term
The objective of supragingival irrigation is to? |
|
Definition
diminish gingival inflammation by disrupting biofilms coronal to the gingival margin. |
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Term
The goal of subgingival irrigation is? |
|
Definition
to reduce the number of bacteria in the periodontal pocket space. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Device that delivers pulsed irrigation of water or other solution supragingivally and subgingivally
Also known as dental water irrigator, home irrigator, water flosser |
|
|
Term
Dental Water Jet—Mechanism of Action are? |
|
Definition
Delivers a pulsating fluid that incorporates a compression and decompression phase
This creates two zones of fluid movement called hydrokinetic activity. |
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Term
This creates two zones of fluid movement called ? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Delivers a pulsating fluid that incorporates a ? |
|
Definition
compression and decompression phase |
|
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Term
|
Definition
initial fluid contact with an area of the mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
depth of fluid penetration within a subgingival sulcus or periodontal pocket |
|
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Term
|
Definition
II – HIGH abuse potential, no refills |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
MOD abuse potential, 5 refills in 6 month period |
|
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Term
Benefits of Home Irrigation? |
|
Definition
Biofilm removal
Bleeding reduction
Gingival inflammation reduction
Periodontal pathogens reduction
Reduction in inflammatory and destructive host |
|
|
Term
Indications for Recommendation? |
|
Definition
Individuals on periodontal maintenance
Individuals who are noncompliant with dental floss
Individuals with special needs
Individuals with dental implants Individuals with diabetes Individuals with orthodontic appliances Individuals with prosthetic bridgework and crowns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Incidence of bacteria is similar to other oral healthcare devices.
Before recommending a water jet to a patient who is at high risk for infective endocarditis, dental healthcare providers should consider both the patient’s overall medical and oral health status.
Consultation with a physician is advisable for |
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Term
|
Definition
Water
Antimicrobial solutions Chlorhexidine Essential oils Other solutions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Simple tap water has been shown to be highly effective as an irrigant in numerous studies.
Water has advantages as an irrigant. Readily available Cost-effective No side effects |
|
|
Term
Chlorhexidine (CHX) as an Irrigant? |
|
Definition
CHX should be diluted with water for home use. It is available by prescription only. In the United States, the maximum strength is 0.12 percent. |
|
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Term
Essential Oils as Irrigants? |
|
Definition
Only effective when used at full strength Available over-the-counte |
|
|
Term
Standard Irrigation Tip?T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Standard Irrigation Tip made of ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Subgingival Irrigation Tip? |
|
Definition
Has a soft rubber-tipped end |
|
|
Term
Subgingival Irrigation Tip? |
|
Definition
Has a soft rubber-tipped end |
|
|
Term
Orthodontic Irrigation Tip? |
|
Definition
Have a soft tapered brush that facilitates biofilm removal around ortho. appliances |
|
|
Term
Placement of the Standard Irrigating Tip? |
|
Definition
Place the tip at a 90-degree angle at the neck of the tooth
Use the water spray to trace along the gingival margin |
|
|
Term
Placement of the Subgingival Irrigating Tip? |
|
Definition
Adjust water pressure to lowest setting
Slide rubber tip gently beneath the gingival margin
Direct tip at 45-degree angle |
|
|
Term
Placement of the Orthodontic Irrigating Tip? |
|
Definition
Place the tip at a 90-degree angle |
|
|
Term
There is no long-lasting substantivity of the antimicrobial agent due to the continuous flow of gingival crevicular fluid from the periodontal pocket. T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A substantive antimicrobial agent, such as chlorhexidine gluconate, would have to be retained in the pocket and be released slowly over time to have a beneficial effect. T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Currently, there is insufficient evidence to indicate that professional subgingival irrigation routinely should be used as a supplemental in-office procedure. T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
IV – LOW abuse potential, 5 refills in 6 month period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
LOWEST abuse potential, OTC |
|
|
Term
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Definition
inverse related to dose, needed for effect |
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Term
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Definition
max effect, not dose related |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
time → half of drug out of the body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
inside GI tract Oral, Rectal, |
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Term
Oral meds- In order to get absorbed they have 4 D's are? |
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Definition
Disruption →Disintegration →Dispersion → Dissolution → |
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Term
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Definition
predictable, dose related, on non-target |
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Term
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Definition
not predictable, not dose related |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
cytotoxic; antibody related |
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Term
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Definition
immune complex; antibody related |
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Term
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Definition
delayed/ least severe; cell mediated |
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Term
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Definition
Art. Heart valves, Hx- IE, Congenital heart defects: unrepaired/incomplete repaired cyanotic disease, repaired with prosthetic Heart Transplant w/ valve issue Renal dialysis shunts Ventriculoatrial hydrocephalic shunt (NOT STENTS) |
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Term
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Definition
Amox- 2000mg Cephalexin- 2000mg Clindamycin- 600mg Macrolides- 500mg |
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Term
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Definition
Tx Oral Herpes Inhibit Viral DNA synth
-clovir ending for viral meds
ADR's- bone marrow depress → anemias, bleeding gingiva/ oral ulcers |
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Term
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Definition
Tx Oral Candidiasis: Pseudomembranous, Chronic aplastic = denture stomatits, Chronic hyperplastic, Angular chelitits Tx: Nystatin- tablets or suspensions 5ml QID, 2wks |
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Term
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Definition
NTG as Vasodilator will increase blood supply to heart, sublingual admin |
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Term
Congestive Heart Failure ? |
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Definition
cardiac glycosides to increase force of contraction (+ inotropic effect); caution w/ VCs |
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Term
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Definition
to prevent stroke, MI; reduce intravascular clots; increases risk of gingival hemorrhage; warfarin → prevents active Vit K |
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Term
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Definition
“statins”; antihyperlipedemics |
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Term
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Definition
water pills, help excrete Na+ and H2O; thiazide vs loop; *xerostomia and hTN |
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Term
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Definition
“pril”, block angiotensin II → VD; *dysgeusia (change in taste), hTN |
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Term
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Definition
“olol”, decrease CO, propranolol is a non-selective BB; avoid Epi w/ NSBB |
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Term
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Definition
CNS Stimulant, super VC, Dilates Pupils |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
CNS/Resp depressor, Pinpoint Pupils |
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Term
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Definition
CNS Stimulant, rampant caries, xerostomia, poor diet; |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Sympathetic Nervous System? |
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Definition
Fight or flight Emergency/crisis Increased BP (vasoconstriction) Increased HR Bronchodilator Dilates pupils Preganglionic NT: acetylcholine Postganglionic NT: norepinephrine Adrenergic drugs |
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Term
Parasympathetic Nervous System? |
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Definition
Rest and digest Normal/rest Increased blood flow to digestive organs Accelerates peristalsis Bronchoconstriction Constricts pupils Preganglionic NT: acetylcholine Postganglionic NT: acetylcholine Cholinergic drugs |
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Term
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Definition
Mimic the sympathetic NS Examples: Albuterol inhaler to tx asthma (bronchodilator) Epinephrine to tx anaphylaxis Epinephrine as vasoconstrictor Epinephrine to tx cardiac arrest to stimulate heart Dopamine to tx shock, Parkinson's, low BP Adverse effects: CNS (anxiety, fear, tremor, headache), cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension, xerostomia Avoid adrenergics with angina, uncontrolled hypertension, uncontrolled hyperthyroidism |
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Term
Adrenergic-blocking drugs? |
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Definition
Block sympathetic NS Tx cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, angina, glaucoma, MI Beta blockers (-olol) Propranolol- tx hypertension Timolol- tx glaucoma |
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Term
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Definition
Mimic parasympathetic NS Example: Pilocarpine- increase salivary flow, tx glaucoma Contraindications: asthma, ulcers, cardiac diseases |
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Term
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Definition
Block parasympathetic NS Examples: Atropine- decrease salivary flow Imodium- tx diarrhea Dramamine- tx motion sickness Adverse reactions: blurred vision, bladder retention, constipation, dry mouth |
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Term
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Definition
Nonopioid, MOA: prostaglandin synthesis Effects: Analgesic (pain reducer), Antipyretic (fever reducer), Anti-inflammatory, Anti-platelet (blood thinner) Adverse effects: Interferes with clotting (contraindicated with warfarin), GI irritation, Hypersensitivity (allergic rxn), Reye’s syndrome (severe rxn in children, avoid aspirin in children), Tinnitus (ringing in ears) |
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Term
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Definition
Nonopioid, Effects: Analgesic, Antipyretic, NOT anti-inflammatory Adverse effects: Hepatotoxicity and liver necrosis at high doses DOC for children, pts on anticoagulants ulcers, post-op pain after periodontal tx |
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Term
Ibuprofen Nonopioid, NSAID, Motrin, Advil,? |
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Definition
, MOA: inhibit prostaglandin synthesis Effects: Analgesic, Antipyretic, Anti-inflammatory Adverse effects: Interferes with clotting, GI irritation Contraindicated with ulcers, can decrease effects of many drugs |
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Term
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Definition
Block pain receptors to brain Effects: analgesic, antitussive, sedation, euphoria Adverse effects- respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting, constipation, addiction |
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Term
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Definition
opioid antagonist, reverses effects of opioid, tx overdose |
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Term
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Definition
tx addiction and withdrawa |
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Term
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Definition
MOA- block peripheral nerve conduction by decreasing sodium permeability of the nerve membrane. Inhibit influx of sodium by blocking Na channels in membrane. Small unmyelinated affected 1st, large myelinated fibers affected last. LA are WEAK BASES, work poorly in inflamed tissues. Aspiration is best way to reduce risk of toxicity. |
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Term
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Definition
LA Vasoconstrictor Sodium bisulfite (preservative) Sodium hydroxide (makes solution basic) Sodium chloride (makes solution isotonic with body), Sterile water |
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Term
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Definition
metabolized in liver, low allergenicity Lidocaine (Xylocaine)- most commonly used in dentistry, available as topical, safe in pregnancy, medium duration Mepivicaine (Carbocaine)- SHORTEST duration Priolocaine (Citanest)- medium duration Bupivacaine (Marcaine)- LONGEST duration Articaine (Septocaine)- 4%, increase risk of paresthesia (with mandibular block) |
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Term
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Definition
Prolong and increase depth of LA, delay absorption, decrease toxicity, decrease hemorrhage Epinephrine & Levonordefrin MRD= .2mg healthy pt,.04mg in medically compromised pt |
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Term
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Definition
Short-term tx of anxiety and insomnia CNS depression/sedation anxiety reduction/sedation anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant NOT ANALGESIC Used in dentistry to reduce anxiety, ex) diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan), alprazolam (Xanax) |
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Term
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Definition
tx of epilepsy (phenobarbital) CNS depression/sedation |
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Term
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Definition
conscious sedation anxiety reduction raises pain threshold excreted through exhalation not metabolized in body overdose may cause nausea and vomiting Contraindications- COPD, upper respiratory infection, pregnancy, emotional instability, abuse potential Prolonged exposure- tremors, spontaneous abortion, numbness and tingling in extremities |
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Term
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Definition
depress CNS to decrease seizures in pts with epilepsy gingival hyperplasia occurs in 50% of pts |
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Term
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Definition
barbiturate used to manage epilepsy causes SEDATION |
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Term
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)? |
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Definition
used to tx seizures used to tx trigeminal neuralgia |
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Term
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)? |
|
Definition
Tx mild allergic reactions Side effects: sedation & xerostomia MOA- blocks histamine receptors |
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Term
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Definition
tx type I (insulin dependent), subcutaneous injection, hypoglycemia most common side effect |
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Term
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Definition
increase body’s sensitivity to insulin |
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Term
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Definition
stimulate release of insulin from b-cells of the pancreas |
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Term
Medications used to tx upper respiratory ? |
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Definition
respiratory infections: Nasal decongestants-adrenergic drugs, vasoconstrictor Expectorants- remove exudate and mucus Antitussives- cough suppressant, may be opioids |
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Term
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Definition
adrenergic drug, bronchodilator, inhaler for immediate relief |
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Term
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Definition
Ex) Fluticasone, long term treatment to prevent attacks, not for immediate use Long acting bronchodilators relieve symptoms for longer periods of time |
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Term
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Definition
Corticosteroid and bronchodilator |
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Term
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Definition
oral medication to tx asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis |
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Term
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Definition
antacid, may be contraindicated in CVD pts because of sodium |
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Term
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Definition
inhibit gastric acid secretion, ex) Prilosec |
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Term
Histamine blocking agent? |
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Definition
block H2 receptors, reducing acid secretions, ex) Tagamet and Pepcid |
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Term
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Definition
Used to tx cancer, osteoporosis (Fosamax) Associated with osteonecrosis of jaw Can cause impaired wound healing Risk remains for years after administration |
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Term
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Definition
Steroid hormone Used for contraception, menopause, menstrual disturbances, May increase gingival inflammation May promote cancer (breast cancer) |
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Term
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Definition
Steroid (glucocorticoid) used to tx autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, Addison’s disease, allergy Reduces inflammatory response and is an immunosuppressant Increases risk of infection and delays healing May be at increased risk of adrenal crisis during stress exposure, may need to increase steroid dose |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Adrenergic-blocking drugs? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Mimic parasympathetic NS Example: Pilocarpine- increase salivary flow, tx glaucoma |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Cementum No Blood vessels or nerves T/F |
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Definition
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Term
OMG! Overlap ?% Meet ? Gap ?* exposed dentin pt. may experience discomfort during instrumentation |
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Definition
OMG! Overlap 60% Meet 30% Gap 10%* |
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Term
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Definition
Thin layer of bone that lines the socket to surround the root of the tooth. |
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Term
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Definition
Forms the hard outside wall of the man/max. Will not show up radiographically. |
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Term
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Definition
Lattice like bone that fills the interior portion of the alveolar process |
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Term
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Definition
Layer of connective tissue covering the outer surface of bone |
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Term
Periodontal Ligament** Functions-? |
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Definition
Supporter Attaches teeth to bone Nutrients Sensory ** Shock Absorber for nerves and vessels MAINFUNCTION |
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Term
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Definition
Largest and most significant fiber group, extends from cementum coronally to bone |
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Term
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Definition
MOST prominent cell; responsible for collagen synthesis and degradation |
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Term
Glycoprotiens from saliva ? |
|
Definition
are ADSORBED onto the tooth structure |
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Term
Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans causes? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Porphromoans gingivalis ** ? |
|
Definition
Most common periopathogen ( Mr. PERIO) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Fusobacterium nucleatum ? |
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Definition
(NUP/NUG) thought to play a role in biofilm formation |
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Term
Know that Vasodilatation immediately follows vasoconstriction in the acute inflammatory process ** Know the movement of cells to the site of inflammation is termed CHEMOTAXIS T/ F |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Chronic Periodontitis Gingival Disease Aggressive Periodontitis Periodontitis as a manifestation of a systemic disease Periodontitis associated with genetic disorders Necrotizing Periodontal Disease Abscesses of the Periodontium |
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Term
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Definition
Rapid development Apparent Inflammation Pain |
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Term
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Definition
Slow development May appear “normal” May not be painful |
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Term
** know that the MOST obvious result of vasodilation of the peripheral circulation was EDEMA T/F |
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Definition
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|
Term
Periodontitis Gingival Contour? |
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Definition
Normal Cleft Bulbous Festooned Receded Blunted Hyperplastic ACUTE (aggressive):Ulcerated, fiery red |
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Term
Chronic Periodontitis Signs? |
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Definition
Loss of attachment Bone loss Bleeding Exudate Clinically you can notice but it is NOT reliable Firm, Fibrotic tissue, Blunted, Heavy plaque |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
Aggressive Periodontitis? |
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Definition
Less Common Individuals under 30 RAPID destruction of PLD and Bone Attachment loss is Episodic Poor response to therapy Small amounts of plaque High amounts of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Aa |
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Term
|
Definition
Low amount of neutrophils Primary dentition is lost and permanent is exfoliated as soon as erupted |
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Term
|
Definition
Abnormal WBC’s that do not function properly |
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Term
HIV Linear gingival erythema? |
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Definition
Linear red band limited to free gingival margin, does not respond well treatment |
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Term
Familia and cyclic neutropenia**? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Papillion- LeFe’vre syndrome**? |
|
Definition
Hyperkeratosis of the palms of hands and feet Severe periodontal destruction |
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|
Term
Chediak-Higashi syndrome**? |
|
Definition
Impairment of neutrophil chemotaxis |
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Term
UP/NUG Bacteria responsible? |
|
Definition
Spirochetes- Treponema denticola** Fusobacterium Prevotella intermedia Porphyromonas gingivali |
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Term
|
Definition
Tetracycline is often the drug of choice because it concentrates in gingival crevicular fluid |
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Term
|
Definition
Results from the injury to or infection of the surface gingival tissue |
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|
Term
Periodontal Abscess (lateral periodontal abscess)? |
|
Definition
Results when infection spreads into perio pocket where drainage is blocked *** can occur after periodontal debridement |
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Term
|
Definition
Develops in inflamed dental follicular tissue overlaying the crown of a partially erupted tooth 3rd molars are most common |
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Term
|
Definition
Results from a pulp infection usually secondary to deep tooth decay |
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|
Term
Class I- you can feel the roof top of the furcation Class II- you can enter into the furcation Class III- you can pass through entire furcation Class IV- Same as III but you can visually see it T/F |
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Definition
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|
Term
Width of Attached Gingiva? |
|
Definition
Extends from the sulcus/pocket base to the mucogingival junction Widest on the anterior teeth Narrowest in premolars |
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Term
|
Definition
is a deepening of the gingival sulcus as a result of swelling or enlargement of the gingival tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
is a pathological deepening of the gingival sulcus as a result of: apical migration of JE, destruction of periodontal ligament fibers, destruction of alveolar bone. |
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|
Term
-Suprabony pockets (Supracrestal? |
|
Definition
Occurs when there is horizontal bone loss and the base of pocket is coronal to the crest of the alveolar bone. |
|
|
Term
Infrabony pockets ( Subcrestal)? |
|
Definition
Occurs when there is vertical bone loss and the base of pocket is apical to the crest of the alveolar bone. |
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|
Term
Signs and symptoms of occlusal trauma? |
|
Definition
Increased mobility
Tooth migration
Sensitivity to pressure
Radiographic widening of periodontal
ligament (enlarged funnel-shaped periodontal ligament space)
Alveolar bone resorption |
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|
Term
Systemic risk factors definition:? |
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Definition
conditions or diseases that increase an individual’s susceptibility to periodontal infection by modifying or amplifying the host response to the bacterial infection. |
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