Term
| The perineum is defined as the region of the trunk inferior to what structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the general contents of the perineum? |
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Definition
| External genitalia, external openings of the urogenital and gastrointestinal systems |
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Term
| THe perineum is subdivided into the urogenital triangle and anal triangle by connecting a line between what landmarks? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are the planes of the anal triangle and urogenital triangle oriented when in anatomical position? |
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Definition
| Posteroinferiorly and horizontally respectively |
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Term
| What are the layers of the urogenital triangle? |
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Definition
| Skin, superficial perineal fascia, inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, urogenital diaphragm, superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm |
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Term
| What constitutes the superficial perineal fascia of the urogenital triangle? |
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Definition
| A fatty layer continuous with Camper's fascia and a membranous layer known as Colle's fascia that is continuous with Darto's fascia of the male genitals, Scarpa's fascia, and attaches to fascia lata distal tot he inguinal ligament |
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Term
| The space between Colle's facia and the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm is known as what? |
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Definition
| Superficial perineal space |
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Term
| The space between the superior and inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the contents of the superficial perineal space in males? |
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Definition
| Root of the penis, bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, superficial transverse perineal muscles, branches of internal pudendal artery/vein, perineal branch of pudendal nerve |
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Term
| What forms the root of the penis? |
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Definition
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Term
| The two crura of the root of the penis are the proximal parts of what structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| The bulb of the root of the penis is the proximal part of what structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| The free part of the penis suspended from the pubic symphysis is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The expanded head of the corpus spongiosum over the distal ends of the corpora cavernosa is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The body of the penis is formed by what two structures that are fused above the corpus spongiosum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What artery is found within each corpus cavernosum? |
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Definition
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Term
| The primary structure found within the corpus spongiosum is what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The superficial fascia of the body of the penis is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The deep fascia of the body of the penis is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What vein is found in the superficial fascia of the body of the penis? |
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Definition
| Superficial dorsal vein of the penis |
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Term
| What artery, vein, and nerve is found deep to the deep fascia of the penis? |
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Definition
| Deep dorsal vein, dorsal artery, dorsal nerve of the penis |
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Term
| What are the muscle sof the superficial perineal pouch in males? |
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Definition
| Ischiocavernosus, bulbospongiosus, and superficial transverse perineal muscles |
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Term
| What muscle covers the crura of the penis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What muscle covers the bulb of the penis and the proximal corpus spongiosum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the contents of the superficial perineal space in females? |
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Definition
| Clitoris, bulb of the vestibule, greater vestibular grlands, Bartholin's glands, Bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, superficial transverse perineal muscles, part of urethra, branches of internal pudendal artery/vein, perineal branch of pudendal nerve |
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Term
| The crura of the cliteris (root) are the proximal attached parts of what structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| The bulbs of the vestibule in the female correspond to what structure in the male? |
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Definition
| Proximal corpus spongiosum |
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Term
| The bulbs of the vestiuble overlaps what stricture in the female superficial perineal space? |
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Definition
| Greater vestibular glands (Bartholin's glands) |
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Term
| The ischiocavernosus muscle covers what structure in the female superficial perineal pouch? |
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Definition
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Term
| The bulbospongiosus muscle covers what structures in the female superficial perineal pouch? |
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Definition
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Term
| What thick fascial sheet separates the superficial and deep perineal spaces? |
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Definition
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Term
| Another name for the perineal membrane is what? |
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Definition
| Inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm |
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Term
| The inferior surface of the perineal membrane provides attachment for what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the contents of the deep perineal space in males? |
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Definition
| Membranous urethra, urogenital diaphragm, branches of the internal pudendal artery/vein, dorsal nerve of the penis, bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands |
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Term
| What provides voluntary control of micturition in males and females? |
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Definition
| External urethra sphincter (around the membranous part of the urethra in males) |
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Term
| What are contents of the deep perineal space in females? |
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Definition
| Part of the urethra and vagina, urogenital diaphragm, branches of the internal pudendal artery/vein, dosral nerve of the clitoris |
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Term
| What closes the urethra in females? |
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Definition
| Sphincter urethrovaginalis, compressor urethrae, external urethral sphincter |
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Term
| What structure is analogous in males to the perineal body of females? |
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Definition
| Central tendon of the perineum |
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Term
| The perineal body in females and central tendon of the perineum in males travels between what two structures? |
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Definition
| Acts as midline between the anal canal and vagina/bulb of penis |
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Term
| What muscles attach to the perineal body in females and the central tendon of the perineum in males? |
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Definition
| Bulbospongiosus, external anal sphincter, superficial and deep trasnverse perineal muscles, muscle slips from external urethral sphincter, levator ani, rectal wall |
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Term
| What may occur if the perineal body in females is overstretched or torn during childbirth? |
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Definition
| Uterus, bladder, or rectum may prolapse into the vagina |
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Term
| A surgical incision of the perineal body during childbirth in order to prevent jagged tears is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does the anal canal begin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What forms a sling around the digestive tube that pulls it forward at the anorectal junction? |
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Definition
| Puborectalis portion of the levator ani muscle |
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Term
| What fossa is located on either side of the anal canal in the anal triangle? |
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Definition
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Term
| How might an infection of an ischioanal fossa present itself? |
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Definition
| Fullness or tenderness between the anus and ischial tuberosity |
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Term
| What divides the anal canal into an upper portion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What innervates the anal canal above the pextinate line? |
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Definition
| Painless GVA fibers traveling with parasympathetic fibers to S2-4 dorsal ganglia, motor from inferior hypogastric plexus |
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Term
| What provides circulation to the anal canal above the pectinate line? What drains lymph from the area? |
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Definition
| Superior rectal artery, superior rectal vein, internal iliac lymph nodes |
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Term
| Enlarged submucosal rectal veins with potential for rectal bleeding are known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the consequences of prolapse of a hemorrhoid through the the anal aperture? |
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Definition
| Strangulation and ulceration via anal sphincters |
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Term
| Though hemorrhoids may result from pregnancy, constipation, or straining at the stool, it may also be a sign of what circulatory dysfunction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Smooth muscle makes up what part of the anal canal? How is it innervated? |
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Definition
| Internal anal sphincter via sympathetic nerves |
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Term
| Skeletal muscle makes up what part of the anal canal? How is it innervated? |
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Definition
| External anal sphincter via inferior rectal nerves |
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Term
| What relaxes the interior anal sphincter for defecation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What relaxes the puborectalis? |
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Definition
| S4 and pudendal nerves (S2-4) |
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Term
| What is the major somatic nerve supplying the perineum? |
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Definition
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Term
| The pudendal nerve leaves the pelvis through what space? |
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Definition
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Term
| The pudendal nerve enters the perineum through what space? |
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Definition
| Lesser sciatic foramen alongside the internal pudendal artery/vein |
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Term
| What are the terminal branches of the pudendal nerve? |
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Definition
| Inferior rectal nerves, perineal nerve, dorsal nerve of the penis/clitoris |
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Term
| The inferior rectal nerves provide innervation to what structures? |
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Definition
| Motor to external anal sphincter, sensory to skin of anal triangle |
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Term
| The perineal nerve provides innervation to what structures? |
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Definition
| Motor to muscles in urogenital triangle, sensory to skin on posterior surface of scrotum/labia majora as posterior scortal or labial nerves |
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Term
| A pudendal block provides anesthesia over what parts of the body? |
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Definition
| S2-4 dermatomes, lower 1/4 of vagina |
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Term
| A pudendal block may be performed to relieve the pain of childbirth as the pudendal nerve crosses at what points? |
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Definition
| Attachment of the sacrospinous ligament to the spine of the ischium |
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Term
| What is the bony landmark and needle insertion point using the transvaginal method of performing a pudendal block? |
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Definition
| Ischial spine, inserted through sacrospinous ligament |
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Term
| What is the bony landmark and needle insertion point using the perineal method of performing a pudendal block? |
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Definition
| Ischial tuberosity, inserted through th ebuttock and medial to the ischial tuberosity |
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Term
| Where does lymph primarily drain to from the perineum? |
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Definition
| Superficial and deep lymph nodes, though exceptions exist |
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Term
| The testis drain lymph to what nodes? |
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Definition
| Lateral aortic (para-aortic or lumbar) nodes |
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Term
| Lymph that follows the round ligament of the uterus to the labium majis drains to what? |
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Definition
| Superficial inguinal nodes |
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Term
| An epiostomy is performed by incising what structures? |
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Definition
| Through perineal skin and bulbospongiosus and transversus perineal muscles in a mediolateral direction |
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Term
| Pelvic sympathetic innervation causes contraction of what smooth muscles during ejaculation in males? |
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Definition
| Ductus deferens, seminal vesicle, prostate |
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Term
| Pelvic sympathetic innervation contracts what muscle to prevent emptying of the urinary bladder and reflex of semen into the bladder during ejaculation? |
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Definition
| Internal urethral sphincter |
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Term
| What causes vasodilation in erectile bodies to produce an erection? |
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Definition
| Pelvic parasympathetic innervation |
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Term
| Labia majora unite anteriorly to form what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The labia minora anteriorly bifurcate with the folds uniting to form what? |
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Definition
| Frenulum and prepuce of clitoris? Posteriorly unites at fourchette |
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