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| the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment |
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| the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events |
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| John Ridley Stroop - the mind automatically determines the semantic meaning of the word, and then must override this first impression with the identification of the color of the word, a process which is not automatized. Used to investigate ADHD, Schizophrenia, and Anorexia. |
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| the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time |
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| a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation. Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue. |
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| the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, as in the cocktail party effect |
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| failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere. basketball gorilla |
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| ADD/ADHD DSM-IVTR Criteria |
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| extreme inattentiveness, hyperactivity, impulsivity |
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encoding that requires attention and conscious effort - produces durable and accessible memories,
require signal detection and task switching |
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unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency and of well-learned info, such as word meanings
something happens and you don't have to try to pay attention to it |
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| the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than cramming |
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| our tendency to recall best the last and first items on a list |
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| an organized whole. gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of info into meaningful wholes. |
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| the organization of the visual field into objects (the figure) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground) |
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proximity - nearby figs together
similarity - group figs similar to each other
continuity - smooth, continuous patterns
connectedness - group uniform and linked things
closure - fill in gaps to create whole object |
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| perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shape, size etc) even as illumination and retinal images change (opening door still rectangle) |
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| our awareness of ourselves and our environment |
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| the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24 hr cycle. |
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| cluster of 20,000 cells that control circadian clock, causes pineal gland to decrease production of sleep-inducing melatonin in morning and increase in evening. |
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looks like awake, but with large, fast eye movement periods
WVWVNNNNNNWVWV
Rapid Eye Movement sleep - occurs 1 hr after falling asleep. 10 minutes, longer as night goes on. raised breathing and heart rate, genital arousal, dreams. |
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| awake, relaxed. regular, small, midtempo WVWVWVWV |
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| periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness (not a coma or hibernation) |
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tiny, somewhat less regular waves. wvwVwvwv
hallucinations (false sensory experiences), not fully relaxed |
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like alpha waves, but with spindles of activity.
wvwvVVWwvwvwvwvWVWVW
20 mins. more relaxed. sleep spindles - bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain activity |
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3 - large and small, mostly large WVWwvWVwVWVWV
4 - all large and slow UVUVUVUV
large, slow delta waves. hard to awaken. |
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Definition
| recurring problems in falling or staying asleep |
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| if you miss REM one night, you spend longer in REM the next night |
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| must have fovea to REM, mammals and some birds have REM. |
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| babies -2/3 day. children/teens- 8 hrs. adults - 7 hrs. elderly - 10 hrs. |
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| a sleep disorder characterised by uncontrollable sleep attacks. the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune moments |
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| a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings |
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| a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep, 2-3 hrs after falling asleep, and are seldom remembered. |
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| Freud - the remembered storyline of a dream (as distinct from latent, hidden content) |
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| underlying meaning of a dream. functions as a safety valve that discharges otherwise unacceptable feelings. |
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| a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur |
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| characteristics of hypnotizable people |
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Definition
| fantasy-prone, ability to focus attention totally on a task, entertain fanciful possibilities. |
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| characteristics of hypnotizable people |
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Definition
| fantasy-prone, ability to focus attention totally on a task, entertain fanciful possibilities. |
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| a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized. used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors. |
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| a split in consciousness which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others. |
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| biological influences on hypnosis |
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| distinctive brain activity, nonconscious info processing |
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| social-cultural influences |
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| presence of an authoritative person in legitimate context, role-playing 'good subject' |
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| focused attention, expectations, heightened suggestibility, dissociation between normal sensations and conscious awareness |
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| the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing drug's effect |
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| the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug. |
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| a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued. |
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| a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions |
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| compulsive drug craving and use |
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| perception involving more than one sense |
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| looking for cues, beginning, end, so on. |
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| critical features of an object that let us know what they are - kids know capital letters because they have more salient features |
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| ability to know difference between p, d, b. |
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| knowing general outlines - block A = outline vs print A |
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| altered states of consciousness, key features |
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Definition
1. sensory exp changes 2. disinhibition 3. changes sense of time 4. alters sense of being seperate from world 5. ineffable, can't express in words.
ex - drugs, love, sleep |
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| Just noticeable difference - minimum difference you can differentiate. 10 lbs in 100 lbs vs 1000 lbs |
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| changing and adapting your behavior to get what other people have |
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| changing and adapting your behavior to get what other people have |
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| role playing in hypnotism, trying to please |
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| different parts that usually don't communicate are being introduced |
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| unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (salivating to food) |
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| a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response (food) |
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| the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (salivation to tone) |
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| an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response (bell tone) |
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| the closed the CS to the original CS, the more likely to have a positive CR. Ie, door bell vs tuning fork |
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| increase in R (behavior) leads to increase in positive effects |
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| reinforcers that meet bodily needs. raise R |
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| anything learned as a reinforcer (gold star) increases R |
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| the reinforcer is another activity (doing hmwk = read) |
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| changing and adapting your behavior to get what other people have. raises R |
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| behavior you emit turns off negative stimulus. raises R |
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| 5 minutes to think about what they did wrong. lowers R |
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| emit behavior 1st and something bad happens as a result, behavior will change. lowers R |
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