-often ambiguous

-depression and elevation with both be shaded on one side

-knowing direction of where light comes from helps

Cast shadow

parallel lines appear to converge as they get farther from you

-often combined with relative size (Ponzo Illusion)

cue provided by a surface with repeating elements or patterns

equally spaced elements are more closely packed as they get further form you; detail is also lost as elements get further away.

variations in color and clarity

- as objects get further, they appear fuzzier

- as objects get further they appear bluish

relationship to the horizon line

- the closer the object to the horizon, the farter away we perceive it

- the farther objects form horizon, the closer it appears to be

cues provided from changes in images as you move

- objects further from you appear to move in the same direction as you, and appear to move slower

- objects closer appear to move in the opposite direction, and move faster

the two eyes see the world from different angles.

the closer one of the objects is compared to another, the greater the retinal disparity

1. adjacency Principle - effectiveness of cues is a direct funtion of closeness of objects

    a. cues between adjacent objects are stronger

    b. adjacency principle is a weighing factor

2. Equidistance Tendency - whe depth cues are reduces, tend to perceive objects as if they were equidistant

1. Perceived Distance - based on factors already discussed

2. Perceived Direction - based on retinal, eye, head position

3. Perceived Self-Motion - kinesthesis and vestibular system

primary principles may be combined by laws of geometry

allows for predictions for perceived siez, motion, oreintations, etc.

S' = perceived size

K = constant

O= retinal image size

D' = perceived distance

-retinal size of afterimage remains constant

- perceived size will change depending on distance of projection

- follows size-distance invarience equasion

Two people of equal size appear different

room specially constructed

- left corner twice as far as right corner

Perception of an objects size remains relatively constant

effect remains even if the size of the object on the retina changes

changes in distance and retinal size balance each other

real movement - an objects is not physically moving

apparent movement - stationary stimuli

                            - basis of movement in movies

induces movement - movement of one object results in the perception of movement in another object

movement aftereffect - movement appears to occur in the opposite direction from the original movement

Functions of Movement Perception

"survival in the environment"

1. predators use movement of prey as a primary means to location in hunting

Functions of Movement Perception

"perceiving objects"

movements of objects or the observers movement through objects assits in organization of stimuli

give info about figure ground

waterfall illusion

spiral illusion

apparent (stroboscopic motion) Phi Phenomenon

Induced Motion- moon in clouds, cars)

Everything is moving

indicates observer is moving, and not environment.

movement of person of other living organism

• point=light walker stimulus
• structure-form-motion takes place with point-light walkers

physical definition: sound is pressure changes in the air or other medium

perceptual definition: sound is the experience we have when we hear.

compression: pushing air molecules together

rarefaction: pulling air molecules apart

frequency

amplitude

phase

how many cycles per second

- most important determinant of pitch

extent of variation from average pressure

- most important determinant of loudness

particular part of the cycle a wave has reaches at a particular instant of time

reinforcement - two waves are exactly the same place in the respective cycles, "in phase"

cancelation- two waves are at different places in their respective cycles, "out of phase"

Parts of the Each

(look at chart!!!!)

pinna

auditory canal

eardrum

malleus

incus

stapes

eustachian tube

muscles

tympanic membrane

Pathway of Sound

(look at chart/talk/draw!)