Term
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Definition
| The shift in hue that occurs with changes in saturation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The actual distance between an external object and the perceiver. |
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Term
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Definition
| The minimum physical intensity that is required for a stimulus to be detected. Also called detection threshold. |
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Term
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Definition
| The function relating light absorption by a particular material to wavelength. |
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Term
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Definition
| A change in the surface curvatures of the lens, allowing it to assume different refractive powers depending on object distance. |
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Term
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Definition
| The appearance (accretion) or disappearance (deletion) of an object with respect to another when either one or the observer is moving. |
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Term
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Definition
| The neurons and fibres that encode and transmit information related to the chromatic nature of a stimulus that results in the perception of brightness (emitted light source) or lightness (reflected light source). |
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Term
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Definition
| The sound components that play an important role in speech perception. |
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Term
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Definition
| A regenerative process of NA+ channel openings once threshold potential is reached, resulting in a large depolarizing event immediately followed by repolarization due to K+ efflux. The resulting spike in membrane potential is called the action potential. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of the visual system to process image detail. Synonymous with resolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1) A brief period of reduced neuronal response that occurs after prolonged stimulation; (2) A reduction in the firing rates of neurons with continued application of a stimulus, which may in turn account for the reduced awareness of it with prolonged exposure; (3) The reduction in perceived intensity or sensitivity due to prior or ongoing background stimulation; (4) The reduction in perceived intensity that occurs with a continuously applied, non-varying tactile stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pictorial cue derived from the haziness of distant objects caused by atmosphere light scattering. Also known as atmospheric perspective. |
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Term
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Definition
| The peripheral and central branches of the DRG neuron that form a continuous cable, carrying somatosensory signals from the periphery to the spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neural signal that is transmitted from the periphery toward the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| [uh-gyoo-zhuh] A total loss of taste sensation. |
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Term
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Definition
| An inability to recognize or identify the structure and form of objects. |
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Term
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Definition
| A frame of reference that specifies object locations independent of the viewer. Also known as exocentric. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of retinal neuron that may contribute to the surround response through the lateral connections among bipolar and ganglion cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The maximum pressure change of sound in one direction relative to the baseline. The greater the displacement of a vibrating body, the greater the amplitude of pressure change in the resulting sound wave. |
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Term
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Definition
| [an-l-jee-zee-uh] The absence of the sense of pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| [an-eye-on; cat-eye-on] Anions are negatively charged ions, whereas cations are positively charged. |
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Term
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Definition
| [an-oz-mee-uh] A loss of olfactory function that can be total (general anosmia) or specific to a particular odor (specific anosmia). |
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Term
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Definition
| A fribre tract along the frontal (antero) and side (lateral) margins of the spinal cord that transmits touch signals present in Aδ and C fibres (i.e., warmt, cold, and pain). |
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Term
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Definition
| An opening, such as the hole in the iris (pupil), through which light may enter. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition that restricts a visual scene to a small area, such as when viewing it through a tunnel or hole (aperture). |
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Term
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Definition
| An inability to distinguish the true movement direction of an edge or line when viewed through an aperture due to the fact that it will only be seen to move perpendicular to its axis. |
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Term
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Definition
| An impaired abililty to speak (Broca's aphasia) or understand language (Wernicke's aphasia). |
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Term
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Definition
| An illusory motion that results when a stimula is presented at one location, turned off, and then shown at a different location shortly afterwards. |
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Term
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Definition
| A watery liquid found in the compartment immediately behind the cornea. |
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Term
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Definition
| The primary auditory cortex located in the temporal lobe of both cerebral hemispheres. |
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Term
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Definition
| Frontal eye fields - a cortical area in the frontal lobe that is involved in motor processing related to eye movements. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lateral intraparietal area - a cortical area in the parietal lobe that is involved in motor processing related to eye movements. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cortical area first identified in monkeys in which the majority of neurons are directionally selective. The name MT is derived from its approximate anatomical location in the middle-temporal part of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The current and most commonly used scientific name for the primary visual cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of aromatic oils to enhance moos and, according to some claims, cure ailments from back pain to the discomforts of pregnancy. |
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Term
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Definition
| The adjustments and movements of the vocal apparatus involved in producing a sound. |
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Term
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Definition
| A lack of symmetry in the curvature of the cornea causing a blurred retinal image along the affected direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of glial cell that provides structual support to neurons, regulates the ionic balance in the fluid surrounding neurons, and helps for a tight seal around blood vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sense of hearing with particular reference to the sensory aspects involved in that process. This is distinguished from the term acoustics, which refers only to the study of the physical characteristics of sound and sound waves. |
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Term
| auditory scene analysis (ASA) |
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Definition
| The process by which the auditory system segregates and analyzes incoming sounds from the multiple sources to provide a perceptual representation of the entire auditory scene. |
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Term
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Definition
| [az-uh-muh'th] The horizontal angular value of the direction of the sound source. |
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Term
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Definition
| A noise signal that contains a limited range of sound frequencies. |
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Term
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Definition
| The range of frequencies contained in the noise signal (i.e., the difference between the highest and lowest frequency values). |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of relative intensity given by the logarithm of the ratio of a measured sound intensity to that of a standard reference (log [Is/Ir]). Once decibel equals one-tenth of a bel. dBSPL |
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Term
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Definition
| The principle that the dorsal root of spinal nerves carries sensory signals into the spinal cord, whereas the ventral root carries motor signals out to the muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| A change to hue perception whereby increasing the intensity of wavelengths above 510 nm causes hues to shift more toward yellow and wavelengths below 510 nm to shift more toward blue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Related to sound stimulation of both ears. Binaural neurons can be triggered by stimulation of both cochlea. |
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Term
| binaural masking level difference (BMLD) |
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Definition
| The detection threshold improvement that accompanies the masking reduction of noise from binaural hearing. |
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Term
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Definition
| The integration of sound signals from the two ears by the auditory nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| The problem of correctly assembling the elementary features at the pre-attentive stage into a coherent visual object. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of integrating retinal images from the two eyes to create a single visual percept. |
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Term
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Definition
| A phenomenon that occurs when different images are presented to each eye. Suppression of visual information from one eye on the other causes only one of the images to be perceived at any given time. Also know as binocular suppression. |
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Term
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Definition
| The advantage in visual function that occurs through the additive input of signals from both eyes. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Pertaining to both eyes. Binocular neurons are responsive to light stimulation through either eye. |
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Term
| biological motion perception |
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Definition
| The ability to recover complex object information from a sparse set of point-light sources. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of retinal neuron located in the inner nuclear layer that conducts signals between photoreceptors and ganglion cells. |
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Term
| bistratified ganglion cell |
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Definition
| An anatomically distict type of ganglion cell involved in processing chromatic information and whose receptve fields show B/Y and Y/B organization. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process by which a non-functional form of rhodopsin is created after light absorption. |
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Term
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Definition
| An ability to respond to visual stimuli in the absence of perceptual awareness ir sight. |
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Term
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Definition
| The trade-off between threshold intensity (I) and stimulation time (T) such that the product of the two must reach a critical value (C) for light detetion. Mathematically expressed as I*T=C. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The reflection that occurs after light interacts with moleules inside an object. The nature of the molecules is responsible for producing the wavelength content of the reflection and therefore the chromatic appearance of the object. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The perceptual quality that correlated with the physical parameter of light intensity. Brightness is the term used when the light stimulus arises from an emitting source, whereas lightness is the term used when the stimulus arises form body reflection off an object. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A noise signal that encompases much of the audible frequency range. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A generalized loss of language production ability that follows from damage to Broca's area in the left frontal lobe. |
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Term
|
Definition
| To establish a precise relationship between two different variables (e.g., the volume on a sound-producing device and the actual air pressure produced at the eardrum). |
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Term
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Definition
| A hardened or thickened part of the skin that usually occurs from repetitive or excessive strain. A common site for calluses is the palm at the base of the fingers. |
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Term
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Definition
| the actve ingredient in chili peppers, which causes the hot burning sensation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A perceptual pattern that is stable depsite small changes in the acoustic signal (such as time) until it comes to a point where it crosses a boundary and enters a new category. |
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Term
| central nervous system (CNS) |
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Definition
| the term given to the brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pain that occurs dur to activation in the central pain pathways rather than nociceptive signals from peripheral sites. |
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Term
| centre-surround antagonism |
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Definition
| A common arrangement found in receptive fields where the neural response to the light placed in the cetre is opposite to that in the surround. |
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Term
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Definition
| A thin band of cells that covers the surface fo the brain. Also known as neocortex. |
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Term
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Definition
| The largest part of the brain, consisiting of the two cerebral hemispheres. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The sound frequency at which the lowest sound intenstiy is required to produce a sufficient neural response in a single auditory fibre. This is the frequency at which the fibre is most sensitive. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The application of chemical solutions to the tongue to determine taste function. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An organized representation of different taste primaries in the gustatory system. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The neurons and fibres that encode and transmit information related to the chromatic nature of a stimulus that results in the perception of hue. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Small hair-like filaments that project from the terminal end of the sensory neuron's dendrites into the mucus layer. There can be anywhere from five to 30 cilia per dendrite. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A thin muscle located around the peripheral rim of the lens whose contraction causes the lens to become more rounded, thereby increasing it refractive power. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A set of cylical biological functions based on the day-night light cycle. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The effect of adjacent sound pattersn on the production of a given phonetic segment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The difficulty in parsing speech due to overlapping speech segments that occur from the contextual relationship between adjacent phonetic segments. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A coiled, fluid-filled bony chamber within the trmporal bone where sound energy is transduced into neural signals. Also referred to in broad terms as the inner ear. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A prosthetic device that partially restores hearing ability by converting sound into an electical current that is used to stimulate the nerve fibres in the cochlea. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An alternating current generated by the movement of stereocilia belonging to the outer hair cells during acoustic stimulaion of the organ of Corti. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ablility to distingush a signal, such as someone's speech, in the midst of background noise. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A transient visual impression with altered colous that appears on am empty field to which gaze has been shifted after prolonged viewing of a colourful stimulus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A graphical scheme that portrays the spectral colours in a circular manner. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The tendency for a colour to look the same under widely different viewing conditions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A phenomenon in which the colour of an object is affected by the colour of surrounding objects. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The wavelength content of light signals entering the eyes to produce colour perception. The colour signal depends on both the reflectance spectrum of the object and the eission spectrum of the light illuminating it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A spatial representation of colour according to perceptual similarity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability to differentiate lights (or objects that reflect light) only on the basis of their spectral composition (i.e., wavelength content), even if the lights appear to be of equal subjective brightness. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A neuron that shows an excitatory response to one colour and an inhibitory response to its opponent colour. |
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Term
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Definition
| Use of a standar compass - a two-pronged probe where the spatial separation between the points can be varied - to explore the minimum spearation that is detectable as two separate points on the skin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any pair of colours that lie at opposite ends of the colour circle, which when mixed together produce a neutral colour, such as white. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sound made up of multiple frequency components that are equally spaced from one another (i.e., the fundamental and higher harmonics). |
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Term
|
Definition
| The alternating states of increased and decresed pressure, respectively, on a medium prodiced by a sound source. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A neural processing requirement imposed by a particular sensory, motor, or behavioural function. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A lens with its surfaces bowed inward, causing light to diverge after passing through it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A measure of the amout of dissolved substance per unit volume of a solution. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An impairment of sound transmission through the outer and middle ear components resulting in reduced transfer of sound energy to the cochlea. |
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Term
| conjunctive eye movements |
|
Definition
| Simultaneous movement of both eyes in the same direction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| (1) A pleasant subjective impression created by certain superpositions of two or more musical tones; (2) a speech sound made by constricting or closing the air path somewhere within the vocal tract. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An aftereffect that is dependent upon the combination of two different stimulus attributes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The specific pattern of pitch changes as a function of time that forms a characteristic feature of each melody. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An anatomical structure on the opposite side of the body. |
|
|
Term
| contrast sensitivity function (CSF) |
|
Definition
| A general descriptor of spatial visual function. Shown by way of grating visibility, represented by the inverse of the contrast threshold value plotted for a range of spatial frequencies. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An inward rotation of both eyes needed to shift gaze to a closer object. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A lens with its surfaces bowed outward, causing light to converge after passing through it. |
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Term
|
Definition
| [kawr-dot-uh-mee] Surgical sectioning of a small segement of the spinal cord through which the anterolateral pathwat transverses. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The transparent from part of the eyeball that serves as the first refractive component. |
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Term
|
Definition
(1) A copy of a motor command that is sent to perceptual centres. Also know as efference copy; (2) When the motor centres of the brain produce a voluntary movement, a copy of the neural command to the muscles is made available to the perceptual centres of the brain so that it knows what limb movements have just been initiated. The term efference copy is also used.
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Term
|
Definition
| When no stimulus is preset in a trial (noise trial) and the subject answers NO. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of motion stimulus in which a certain proportion of dots move coherently in one direction, whereas the remainder move in random directions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The challenge of finding a set of points in one image that can be correlated with the same set ina successively presented image. |
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Term
| corresponding retinal images |
|
Definition
| Retinal images that are formed at analogous points in the two eyes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sensory and motor nerves that emerge from the brain stem and process to various parts of the head, face, and neck. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A set-point or cut-off point that is internally established by the subject. On those trials where sensory magnitude exceeds β, the subject will id=ndicate that a detectable sensory event has occurred and will respond YES. If the sensory magnitude fails to reach β, then the subject will respond NO. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A pre-existing bias for a particualr sensory quality that can affect recognition threshold measures. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The range of frequencies that can mask a tone of a particular frequency. The critical band provides an estimate of the functional bandwidth of an internal filter. |
|
|
Term
| critical flicker fussion (CFF) |
|
Definition
| A condition at which the temporal change in a stimulus is too rapid for flicker detection. The flickering stimulus becomes too fused with the background and appears to be uniform. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The reduction in perceived intensity or sensitivty to a compound due to the adaptation to a different one. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A measure of the similarity between two different imputs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A disparity in the binocular retinal images whereby the temporal image is located farther away from the fovea than the nasal image. This situation arises when an object is situated closer than the horopter. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The notion that sensory neurons are triggered by a broad range of stimuli. In the gustatory sustem, this hypothesis asserts that taste neurons can be stimulated by multiple taste primaries. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The use of stimuli from different domains (e.g., sound vs. light intensity) to make comparisions of the relative magnitudes that are produces in different sensory systems. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A convex, elastic structure situated within the eyeball that represents the second refractive element. Often referred to simply as the lens. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The region spanning two adjacent identical points of a waveform. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The perception of a unitary reality, such as the singleness of vision. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The architecture of the cerebral cortex in terms of its cellular composition and distribution among different layers. Different regions of th cortex display distinctive cytoarchitctonic features. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A patch-like mosaic of discrete areas in the upper layers of area V1 that show more intense staining for the protein cytochrome oxidase than in neighbouring interblob areas. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The difference between the meas of the noise signal + noise distributions. According to SDT, d’ can increase either by increasing the strength of the signal or by increasing the strength of the signal or by increasing the sensitivity of the detector. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Detection sensitivty to a light spot wen measure in the dark at various times after photoreceptor bleaching. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The inward flow of sodium ions through cGMP0gated sodium channels in the absence of light. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Visual processing mechanism that operates under medium to intense light conditions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A loss of oral language ability due to profound deafness in early childhood. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The physical space covered by the dendrites of a single neuron over whice it is able to collect signals from other neurons. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A positive shift in the membrane potential that is usally caused by the influx of Na+ ions into the cell. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The range of object distances that produces a sharp image. The smaller the aperture, the greater the depth of field. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The area of skin innervated by the dorsal root of a single spinal nerve. The body representation of all dematomes is called the dermatomal map. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A form of dichromacy caused by a missing M cone photopigment. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Binaural stimulation whereby the sound quality reaching each ear is different. The situation arises when the sound source is off the mid-sagittal axis, resulting in a greater path length to the farther ear. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A colour vision system that depends on the output of two independent detectors. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The minimum change in physical intensity that is required for a moticeable change in sensation. Difference thresholds are always determined at suprathreshold levels. Also called discrimination threshold. |
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Term
|
Definition
| (1) The bending of light around the edges of an object. This phenomenon can only be explained if light has wave-like motion rather than travelling merely as a stream of particles; (2) The bending of waves around small obstacles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A fundamental law of physics in which molecules at high concentration in one compartment will migrate to a neighbouring one if the concentration there is lower. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Binaural stimulation whereby both ear receive the same quality of sound. The situation arises when the sound source is directly in front of or behind the head along the mid-sagittal axis; resultng in equal path lengths to both ears. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| (1) The preference of a neuron for a visual stimulus moving in a particular direction compared to all other possible directions; (2) The preference of neuron for a visual stimulus moving along a particular direction in comparison to all other possible directions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A radial plot of neural response for stimulus movement in various directions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The application of difference threshold measurements to estimate sensory magnitude functions. The theoretical foundation for this approach is based on the notion that JNDs represent a constant unit of sensory change, regardless of the actual operating level. Also known as confusion scaling. |
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|
Term
| disjunctive eye movements |
|
Definition
| Movement of the two eyes in opposite directions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A property of binocular neurons showing enhanced firing when two retinal images are spatially positioned with respect to each in precise ways according to the optical definition of zero, crossed, or uncrossed disparity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An unpleasant subjective impression created by certain superpositions of two or more muscial tones. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An outward rotation of both eyes needed to shift gaze to a more distant object. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A fibre tract along the dorsal margin of the spinal cord that transmits touch signals present in Aβ afferent fibres. These signals inclode both SA and FA types generated by steady and dynamic touch stimuli. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A pair of nuclei located on either side of the midline in the medulla (lower part of the brain stem). The dorsal column fibres terminate here and synapse onto neurons that project to the thalamus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An interconnected network of anatomically and functionally distinct areas in the parietal lobe that process specific aspects of visual information. |
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|
Term
| dorsal root ganglion (DRG) |
|
Definition
| A collection of neurons located adjacent to the spinal cord. Fibres from these neurons reach the skin where they terminate either as free endings or in an encapsulated from. All somatosensory signals from the skin are captrued and transmitted to the spinal cord by dorsal root ganglion neurons. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A series of interconnected brain areas largely within the parietal lobe that together are responsible for processing spatiotemporal relationships and dynamic aspects of the visual signal, such as object movement. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Neurons found in area V1 that are both spatially and chromatically opponent. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The idea that a two-stage mechanism exists in the visual system, combining both trichromatic and colour-opponent theories for processing colour. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The theory that light is composed of particles known as photons that have wave-like motion when they travel. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The intensity range between the terminal and detection thresholds for a particular frequency. The dynamic range for all audible frequencies represents the auditory response region of suprathreshold hearing. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A distortion of taste sensation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Deviation from the centre. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A copy of the motor command that is sent to various parts of the brain, including those engaged in perceptual function. Also known as corollary discharge. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A frame of reference that specifies object locations relative to a viewer's current position. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The amount of sensory change needed to produce a JND is not constant, as Fechner postulated, but rather a linear function of the initial or operating level of sensation. Ekman's law is the sensory counterpart of Weber's law. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The property that enables an object to recover from distortion to its original shape. |
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|
Term
| electroencephalogram (EEG) |
|
Definition
| The record obtained by placing electrodes on the scalp and measuring the localized electrical activity in the underlying cortex. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The application of electrical current to the tongue through and electrode to determine taste function. |
|
|
Term
| electromagnetic radiation |
|
Definition
| The energy radiate in the form of a wave that results from the motion of an electric charge. The wave is characterized by a coincidental fluctuations in the intensity of an electric and a magnetic field as the wave propagates. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The full range encompassing the shortest to the longest possible wavelength of electromagnetic radiation. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The vertical angual value of the direction of the sound source. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (1) A plot of intensity (or energy) of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a source, such as the Sun, as a function of wavelength; (2) A plot of the energy content of a light source as a function of wavelength within the visible range. Also called spectral diagram. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The perceived size of a constant retinal image is proportional to the perceived distance at which it is located. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An optically normal eye where the power of the cornea-lens combination is sufficient to refract incoming parallel light rays to produce an image on the retina. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A family of morphine-like substances that are produced in the brain and blind to opiate receptors to produce analgesic functions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Closely packed cells that fit together to form continuous sheets that are found on the surface of the body or in the lining of its cavities. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A function that shows the intensity values needed to match loudness among single tones within a range of frequencies. Also known as Fletcher-Munson curves. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The division of an octave into 12 equal intervals of log frequency. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of calibrated fibres, each producing a different force when applied to the skin. The early sets used animal hair, whereas modern ones are developed from nylon firbes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An all-encompassing, massless fabric of space postulated in medieval times as the medium through which light transmission took place. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A narrow tube that connects the middle ear and the nasopharynx (back of the throat). Its main purpose is to ventilate the middle ear chamber and equalize any pressure differences between it and the outside atmosphere. |
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Term
| event-related potentials (ERPs) |
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Definition
| Electrical activity produced by sensory stimulation and picked up in and EEG. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The narrow canal that transmits sound from the pinna to the eardrum. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The six muscles the insert into each eyeball and that are individually or collectively involved in its various movements. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cortical areas that lie beyond the striate cortex (area V1). Many of these areas in the parietal and temporal lobes have been shown to process different aspect of visual fucntion. |
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Term
| facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves |
|
Definition
| Cranial nerves VII, IX, and X, respectively. These nerves, especially VII and IX, carry gustatory signals to the brain. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When no stimulus is present ina trial (noise trial) and the subject answers YES. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The farthest point that can be seen clearly. For a normal eye, this is point is optical infinity. |
|
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Term
| feature integration theory (FIT) |
|
Definition
| An influential theory of object perceptin based on the assembly of low-level features into a complex visual object. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The logarithmic relationship between stimulus intensity and sensation magnitude proposed by Gustave Fechner in 1860. |
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Term
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Definition
| An anatomical connection from a higher cortical area to a lower one. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An anatomical connection form a lower cortical area to a higher one. |
|
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Term
| figure-ground segregation |
|
Definition
| The perceptual segmentation of parts, objects, or groups in the foreground against that of a background collection of objects. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Motion perception derived from the movement of objects that have a lightness (luminance) difference form their background. The moving borders are defined solely on the basis of luminance cues. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The combination of sensory influences such as tatse, smell, touch, and vision that together produce a complex perceptual impression during eating. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A visual stimulus that appears and disappears in a cyclical manner over time. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Funcitonal magnetic resonance imaging - a non-invasive imaging technique that relies on capturing radio waves from spinning atoms. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A simple structure unit that is used to create more complex form representations in vision. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The principal frequencies or resonances of a speech sound. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Rapid shifts in a spectrogram that are a characteristic feature of consonnt-vowel pairing. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A mathematical operation that deconstructs a complex wave pattern into a specific set of sine-wave functions, each with a particular frequency and amplitude. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The result of Fourier analysis as depicted in the frequency domain. The amplitude of each sine-wave componen is plotted as a function of its frequency. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A small pit in the centre of the retina. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A physical depression in the retina caused by the shifting of neurons to one side. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability to bring a pair of adjacent objects (or pictures) into a fused overlap by wilfully crossing or uncrossing the eyes. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The number of complete cycles per unity of time, which if measured in seconds is denoted as hertz (Hz). |
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Term
| frequency response curve (FRC) |
|
Definition
| A plot of the neural discharge rate as a function of sound frequency. FRCs for any given auditory fibre are usually shown at different sound intensity levels. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The basilar membrane vibrates in its entirety to the full range of frequencies that are audible to humans and these vibrations are then directly encoded by the firing rate of auditory neurons. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A mathematical description of how one variable is related to another and generally expressed as a formula. If S represents perceived intensty of sensation and I represents stimulus intensity, then a linear function would have the form S = k * I where k represents the slope of the function. |
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Term
|
Definition
| (1) A field of neuroscience dedicated to understanding anatomical details of functional specialization; (2) The study of how anatomical features, such as cortical columns, contribute to the function of the nervous system leading to perception. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The structural layout of neurons with a particular functional preference in any given part of the cerebral cortex. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The lowest frequency component in a complex tone. Also known as the first harmonic. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The lowest frequency in a harmonic series. Also known as the first harmonic. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An area in the human brain that becomes specifically activated when subjects are exposed to face images. |
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Term
|
Definition
| High energy photons that are released by radioactive substances or after collisions between atomic particles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A localized collection of neurons in the peripheral nervous system. In the central nervous system, such a collection is called a nucleus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Spinal transmission of nociceptive signals is controlled by activity in an inhibitory interneuron, which synapses onto a projection neuron. Non-nociceptive influences from the brain or large afferent fibres influence the activity of the interneuron and therefor gate the transmission of pain signals. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Visual pathway from the LGN to the visual cortex through the optic radiation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The three-dimensional primitives that serve as the building blocks if RBC theory. Short for geometric ions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| (1) A school of thinking that was developed in the 20th century that emphasized the concept of the "whole" rather than the constituent parts of a psychological phenomenon, such as perception; (2) The psychological theory that perceptions arise in a holistic manner by virtue of the totoal mental assembly of its constituent parts. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A confined spatial unit in the olfactory bulb where several thousand acons from olfactory sensory neurons converge. Each glomerulus is believed to act as a small functional module for processing olfactory information. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The opening between the vocal folds through which air flows into and out of the lungs. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A repeating series of black and white bars. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A chemosensory system that deals with the detection of dissolved chemicals and that produces the perceptual impressions of taste. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An elevated convolution on the surface of the brain, usually separated by sulci on either side. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An excitable cell characterized by a set of filaments (stereocilia) that protrude from its upper surface. Two different types - the inner and outer hair cells - are distinguished on the basis of their location within the organ of Corti. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The ability to identify thee-dimensional objects through active manipulation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Frequency components that are exact multiples of the fundamental frequency. All the components together form a harmonic series. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sinusoids, or harmonics, in a musical tone related by a whole number multiple of the lowest or fundamental frequency. If the fundamental frequency is 100 Hz, then the harmonic series is 200, 300, 400 Hz and so on. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The reflection of sounds off the head. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Refers specifically to the act of perceiving sound and is therefore distinguished from the physical operations that inderlie auditory function. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The judgment of sensory quality in terms of positive or negative apprecisation (live vs. dislike). |
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Term
|
Definition
| The oxygen-carrying protein that is found inside red blood cells. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A series of illusory spots that appear at the intersections of a grid pattern. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Temporal frequency specified as cycles of change per second. The term is named after German physicist Heinrich Hertz. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The most logical or best-guess solution to a problem using the available information. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Study of the fine structure and organization of a tissue or organ at the microscopic level. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When a stimulus is present in a trial (signal + noise trial) and the subject answere YES. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Incorporating all of the parts to create a "whole" rather than merely being the sum of those parts. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Neuronal connections where the same parts of a body map are interconnected. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| [huh-muhng-kyuh-luh's] The term generally used to refer to the hwole body representation in a prticular cortical structure, such as the somatosensory cortex. The primary motor cortex, located anterior to the central sulcus (precentral gyrus), also has an orderly body representation that is called the motor homunculus. The Latin origin of this term means little man. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of retinal neuron involved in generating the surround response by way of the lateral connections it makes among alrge groups of photoreceptors. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The sum of all points in space that yield retinal images at analogous points in the two retinae while fixating an object at a fixed distance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The chromatic quality of a colour that we indicate by its name, such as blue, green, yellow, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A term applied to the very low tactile discrimination thresholds that are found with spatially extensive stimuli in comparison to the traditional two-point test. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A cortical module that encompasses one pair of ocular dominance columns and a complete series of orientation columns. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A refractive condition of the eye in which the length of the eyeball is too short in comparison to its optical power. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A negative shift in membrane potential that somteimes occurs at the end of an action potential due to an excessive efflux of K+ ions. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A reduction in olfactory detection or recognition threshold. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A 3-D model of area V1 where ocular dominance and orientation columns run perpendicular (90º) to each other. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A detector (animal or machine) that can always detect a signal when its intensity is above a certain defined level (threshold) and always fails to detect it when it is below that level. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The distribution of light in a point-wise amnner across an area, such as the retina, a computer monitor, or television. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| In vivo studies take place within the living body of an animal, whereas in vitro studies take place outside. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The extra amount of light intensity needed to just distinguish a light spot from its background. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A visual illusion in which a small stationary object appears to be moving when surrounded by a larger moving object or background. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendancy of a body to maintain its state of motion, whether it is at rest (zero) or moving in a particular direction. |
|
|
Term
| inferior temporal cortex (IT) |
|
Definition
| The cortical mass along the lower (posterior) segment of the temporal lobe where visual functions that make up the ventral stream are processed. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sound frequencies below 20 Hz. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Te middle layer of neurons in the retina that process and transfer neural signals from photoreceptors to the ganglion cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An area of the cerebral cortex in the frontal lobe that is located within the sylvian fissure. The insula and surrounding cortex together make up the primary gustatory cortex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of acousting energy transmitted througha unit of are in a given time. Sound intensity is related to the square of sound pressure. |
|
|
Term
| interaural intensity difference (IID) |
|
Definition
| A difference in sound intensity arriving at the two ears for dichotic sounds. |
|
|
Term
| interaural time difference (ITD) |
|
Definition
| A difference in arrival time at the two ears for dichotic sounds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fibre tract containing axons from the thalamus and projecting to the somatosensory cortex. |
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|
Term
| International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) |
|
Definition
| An internationally recognized set of symbols for designating th ephonetic characteristics of all speech sounds. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Neurons that process information within the central nervous system. Local interneurons process information within specific brain sites, whereas projections interneurons transmit information, often over large distances, to other brain sites in the same or opposite hemisphere. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A phenomenon in which the effects of sensory adaptation through one eye can be experienced through the other eye, suggesting that the adaptation effects are being mediated in area V1 or beyond. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Comparing differenct aspects of a stimulus within a partiular sensory domain or madlity (e.g., different wavelengths of light on brightness perception, different tone frequencies on loudness perception, taste sensations generated by sweet vs. sour substances, etc.). |
|
|
Term
| inverse square law (sound) |
|
Definition
| Sound intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance. |
|
|
Term
| inverse square law (radiation) |
|
Definition
| The amount of radiation passing through a specific area is inversely proportional to the square of the distance. |
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Term
|
Definition
| An anatomical structure on the same side of the body. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A pigmented curtain-like structure situated immediately in front of the lens. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A single layer of neurons in the inferior colliculus that all display the same characteristic frequency. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A condition where the total light level is the same across a visual stimulus but the chromaticity varies. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Difference in the spatial arrangement of atoms in otherwise identical chemical compund. |
|
|
Term
| just noticeable difference (JND) |
|
Definition
| A change in sensation (ΔS) that is sufficient to allow that mental event to be just detected. The JND, which is a psychological parameter and therefore cannot be experimentally determined, is the subjective counterpart of the difference threshold (ΔI), which is a physical parameter that can be experimentally derived. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The sensation of the movement of the body, muscles, tendons, and joins. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A depth cue that arises from the relative movements of different objects in the visual world. |
|
|
Term
| kinetic depth effect (KDE) |
|
Definition
| The perception of a 3-D object generated from motion signals of a 2-D image. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The notion that sensory neurons are slective to only a specific type of stimulus. In the gustatory system, this hypothesis asserts that taste neurons are selective to only one of the taste primaries. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A fundamental property of the nervous system where a neuron is inhibited by sensory input into surrounding areas through a network of lateral connections. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The idea that certain beahvioural functions are dominated by one hemisphere; the lateralization of certain sensory or cognitive functions within a particular cerebral hempisphere. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The greater the mobility of the body, the greater the spatial rsolution. Although this is true for the upper extremities (e.g., arms, fingers), it does not necessarily hold true for other body parts. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cone photoreceptors type optimized for capturing long-wavelength light, with a peak absorbance at 560 nm. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Optical factors in lens refraction that produce imperfect imaging, especially in the peripheral parts of the retina. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Surgical removal of a brain region in an animal followed by careful inspection of any bevaioural deficits. An extension of this idea in humans is taken from behavioural studies following traumati brain injury, surgical intervention, or pathology. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The straight-line path of a photon as it travels outward from the light source. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Perceptual impression of the amount of lights reflected by an object surface. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The similarity in the lightness perceptions of objects despite large changes in envrionmental illumination. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Differences in lightness perception of an object or surface due to the intensity of the surround. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A region of the brain concerned ith motivation, emotion, and certain kinds of memory. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The projection of parallel lines in 3-D as a set of convergin lines in a 2-D representation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Surgical removal of brain tissue form one of the four cortical lobes, usually the frontal lobe. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A graph where bth the x- and y-axis represent the logarithm of the respective data points. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A type of wave motion in which the direction of particle movement is parallel to the direction of wave propagation. In sound, for example, the back and forth movement of air particls occurs in the direction that the wave is travelling. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The magnitude of the perceived impression created by the sound of a particular physical intensity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The amount of visible light coming into the eye from an emitted or reflected source. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| An illusion of dark and light abnds on either side of a boundary separating two bars of different light intensity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A psychophysical scaling procedure developed by STanley S. Stevens in which human subjects are required to make numerical estimates of the sensory magnitudes that are evoked by stimuli fo different physical intensities. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Neurons with large cell bodies (e.g., in layers 1 and 2 of the LGN). |
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Term
|
Definition
| The process by which the detection threshold of a sound is elevated in the presence of other sounds. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The influence of visual cues in combination with the acoustic signal in the perception of speech sounds. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cone photoreceptor type optimized for capturing middle-wavelength light, with a peak absorbance at 530 nm. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sensory receptors found in skin that transduce touch signals - such as pressure, vibration, heat, and cold - into neural signals that are transmitted to the brain. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A fibre tract containing axons from the dorsal column nuclei and projecting to the thalamus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A pitch scale in which a 1000 Hz tone has a value of 1000 mels. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A hormone produced and secreted intp the bloodstream by the pineal gland. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A sequence of musical tones that forms a succession of pitches in musical time. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A voltage difference across the cell membrane that arises due to the separation of charges. The inside of the cell is negative comapared to the outside. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A situation where two object, surfaces, or light sources appear to be identical in colour even though the spectral content of the light coming from them is different. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sensations that rely on a substitutive process such that changing some aspect of the stimulus alters the quality of the sensory impression. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A psychophysical method in which the subject directly adjusts stimulus intensity to produce a detectable sensation. |
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Term
| Method of Constant Stimuli |
|
Definition
| A psychophysical method in which stimulus intensity values are randomly chosen from a preset range. The subject's responses over many trials are stored and later used to generate a response frequency for each intensity level. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A psychophysical scaling procedure where subjects are required to set the intensity of a stimulus so that its perceived magnitude is double that of a reference. The procedure cn also be used to make intensity settings that evoke half the perceived magnitude. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A psychophysical method in which stimulus intensity is systematically increased or decreased by the experiement until the subject gives a change in response. |
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|
Term
| method of magnitude estimation |
|
Definition
| A psychophysical scaling procedure developed by S. S. Stevens in which human subjects are required to make numerical estimates of sensory magnitudes evoked by stimuli of different physical intensities. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| minimum audible field (MAF) |
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Definition
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Term
| minimum audible pressure (MAP) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| multi-dimensional scaling |
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Definition
|
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Term
| multipolar neurons, bipolar neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| multi-sensory integration |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| odourant binding protein (OBP) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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| peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| phonemic resotration effect |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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| presynaptic, postsynaptic |
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| primary somatosensory cortex (area S-I) |
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| problem of the missing fundamental |
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| receiver operating characteristic (ROC) |
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| recognition-by-components (RBC) |
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| retinal ganglion cell (RGC) |
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| sensory transducer theory |
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| signal detection theory (SDT) |
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| somatotopic representation |
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| spectral sensitivity function |
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| structur-from-motion (SFM) |
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| subcortical auditory structure |
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| superior temporal sulcus (STS) |
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| temporal contrast sensitivity function |
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| trigeminal chemoreception |
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| two-alternative forced choice (2AFC) |
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| ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPMN) |
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| vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) |
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