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| Differences between cognition and perception |
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Definition
Perception Cognition
applied nonconsciously consciously applied, can be made automatic
parallel processing serial processing (sequentially)
immediate take time
unchangeable changeable |
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Definition
the distance between a full wave to complete
different colors correlate with different wavelengths |
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o The higher the wave length, the brighter the color
o Amplitude positively correlates with brightness |
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Definition
- Most saturated light is composed of a single wavelength (red out of a paint tube)
- Most de-saturated light is white (made up of many wavelengths) |
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Term
| Definition of perception (lecture) |
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Definition
| the integration of sensory impressions of events in the external world by a conscious organism, especially as a function of non-conscious expectations derived from the past |
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Definition
| - In the senses, the transformation of environmental energy into electrical energy. For example, the retinal receptors transduce light energy into electrical energy. |
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- The most complex light appears white
- Multiple wavelengths
- De-saturated (saturated is one wavelength) |
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Definition
| - the brain is able to maintain brightness/ lightness constancy by taking into account the ratio of light reflectance from the object and its surroundings |
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Definition
| - Agnosia - The inability to recognize objects. (can’t recognize as a whole object) |
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Definition
If there is more light, the whiter it appears
- refers to our ability to perceive the same, “whiteness or blackness” in spite of large differences in how much light is being reflected back to the eye
o a pen’s black looks the same outside or inside |
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Definition
| Processing in which a person constructs a perception by analyzing the information falling on the receptors |
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Definition
| Processing that starts with the analysis of high-level information, such as the knowledge a person brings to a situation. Also called knowledge-based processing. Distinguished from bottom-up, or data-based processing, which is based on incoming data. |
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Definition
- setup to test the ratio principal
o Shined a very bright light on a black disk and had observers look into the room. The black disk looked snow white because of comparing it to its surrounding. When a piece of paper is put over the circle it instantly turns black |
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Term
| Psychophysical methods of measurement |
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Definition
Method of limits (ascending or descending)
Method of adjustment
Method of constant stimuli |
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Term
| Method of limits (ascending or descending) |
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Definition
o Start out with a stimulus which clearly falls above or below the individuals threshold
o Some trials the stimulus is gradually increased in intensity (Ascending limits)
o Some trials the stimulus is gradually decreased (Descending limits)
problems: habituation or anticipation error |
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Definition
- similar to method of limits (going up or down)
- but the subjects is the one who adjusts the stimulus intensity, moving it above and below threshold until they feel it is set to the lowest value they can detect |
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Term
| Method of constant stimuli |
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Definition
- find their baseline, then present the stimuli in a random order
o takes a great deal of time
o but has some basic advantages (most accurate) |
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Definition
– created by retinal enhancement of contrast differences at the border that separates two objects; refers to a “lighter-than-light” thin line on the light thin border and a “darker-than-dark thin line on the darker object border” – see handout
– Mach bands are created by lateral inhibition processes on the retina |
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Definition
| the minimum intensity at which someone can accurately detect the stimulus 50% of the time |
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Definition
| - Inhibition that is transmitted laterally across a nerve circuit. In the retina, lateral inhibition is transmitted by the horizontal and amacrine cells. |
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Term
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Definition
Weber’s Law
• JND = K x S
• JND is “Just Noticeable Difference”
• K Is the Constant-to-be-determined
• S is the given standard Stimulus |
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Term
| Spatial summation/convergence |
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Definition
| - When many neurons synapse onto a single neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| - A clinical condition that causes degeneration of the macula, an area of the retina that includes the fovea and a small surrounding area. |
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Definition
| - If you had a big operating range, you could see from very bright to very dark, but not see contrast differences |
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Term
| Retina; cones/rods (how may? location?) |
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Definition
- rods – 120 million
- cones – 6 million
- retina
- fovea - only cones |
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Term
| Dorsal vs. Ventral pathways |
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Definition
- Dorsal pathways – rods – primitive – parietal – where?
- Ventral – cones – conscious – temporal – what? – object recognition |
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Definition
- at the end of the optic nerve
- no receptors (pushed away by the optic nerve) |
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Definition
| A neuron’s receptive field is the area on the receptor surface (the retina, for vision; the skin, for touch) that, when stimulated, affects the firing of that neuron. |
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Term
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Definition
| - A small area in the human retina that contains only cone receptors. The fovea is located on the line of sight, so that when a person looks at an object, the center of its image falls on the fovea. |
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Definition
| - Removal of an area of the brain. This is usually done in experiments on animals, to determine the function of a particular area. Also called lesioning. |
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Term
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Definition
- Far vs. Close
o Distal – the object in the environment
o Proximal – the pattern of receptivity on the retina
o Therefore, the distal stimulus “gives rise” to the proximal stimulus |
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Definition
- A situation that occurs as a result of brain damage in which one function is present and another is absent.
single and double |
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Definition
- (changing shape)
- ciliary muscles, contract and relax, causing tension in the zonal fibers causing the lens to change shape (accommodation)
- when the ciliary muscles tighten, the zonal fibers relax, and the lens gets bigger, and vice versa |
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Term
| Theory of Natural Selection |
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Definition
| - The idea that genetically based characteristics that enhance an animal’s ability to survive, and therefore reproduce, will be passed on to future generations. |
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Definition
- cumulative –specialized cells for facial processing, highly complex, mixes a lot together, whole face, a hypercomplex cell, very sophisticated
- A hypothesized type of neuron that responds only to a very specific stimulus, such as a person’s grandmother. |
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Definition
| Pathway that conducts signals from the striate cortex to the parietal lobe. This is also called the where, the how, and the action pathway to indicate its function. |
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Term
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Definition
| A lobe on the side of the cortex that is the site of the cortical receiving area for hearing and the termination point for the ventral, or what stream for visual processing. There are a number of areas in the temporal lobe, such as the fusiform face area and the extrastriate body area, that serve functions related to perceiving and recognizing objects. |
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Definition
| respond only to lines; diff cells/for each line orientation |
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Definition
| respond only to moving lines; diff cells for diff directions |
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Definition
| only respond to moving corners; also called End-stopped cells because they stopped firing if the corner lines were too long |
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| List three "lessons" and their corollaries concerning perception (lecture stuff). Be able to provide examples of each. |
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Definition
Lesson 1 – a dynamic interaction between information we receive (bottom-up processing) and information we expect (top-down processing)
- Corollary
o What is perceived can be different from what is “Seen”.
• gorilla video and change blindness
• Information we expect and information that hits our retina
- Example
o Filling in the blind spot; proof reading errors
Lesson 2 – There is not always one correct way to perceive the world.
- Corollary
o perception can change because we change
- Example
o Necker cube; Memory of childhood house
Lesson 3 – context provides the means by which stimuli gain meaning and become organized. (top-down)
- corollary
o stimuli can be perceived differently with a change in context
- example
o letter/ number context |
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Term
| 7. Be able to list and describe the Methods of studying relationships in the perceptual process (see Figure 1.2, pg. 11) |
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Definition
Relationship How Studied?
Stimulus -> perception Psychophysically. Determine the person’s response.
Stimulus -> physiology Physiologically. Measure the electrical response in the nervous system.
Physiology -> perception Physiologically and psychophysically. Measure physiological and perceptual responses to the same stimuli |
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Term
| Be able to write the definition of perception that was presented to you during the first few days of class. Also list and describe three ways in which perception can be distinguished from cognition (class notes). |
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Definition
- the integration of sensory impressions of events in the external world by a conscious organism, especially as a function of non-conscious expectations derived from the past
Perception:
applied nonconsciously
parallel processing
immediate
unchangeable |
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