Term
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Definition
| subjective human perception of sounds (amplitude, frequency, masking) |
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Term
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Definition
-physical measurement and related to degree of which medium is displaced
-LOUDNESS is ampltidues perceptual corrletaion |
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Term
| we are most senstive to sounds of what frequency? |
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Definition
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| whats the threshold of pain (upper limit) |
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Definition
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Term
| whats the lower limit threshold of hearing? |
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Definition
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Definition
higher amplitudes that will displace the basilar membrane w/ great intensity
-frequency-dependent neurons will fire with greater intensity |
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Term
| how is loudness measured? |
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Definition
-match test sound to comparison sound (1000hz usually)
-magnitude estimation-rating loudness on numerical scale |
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Term
| What are "phons" and what do they do? |
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Definition
a unit of measure used to examine the relationship of intensity and loudness.
x axis=frequency
y axis=sound pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| ask listener to compare loudness of 2 sounds that have different frequencies and once the 2 sounds are equal, the actual sound pressure is plotted of each sound. |
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Term
| so whats our dynamic range? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the perception of frequency |
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Definition
phsyical measurement related to how often a sound source vibrates in a medium.
-perceptually, frequency is pitch! |
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Term
| What is the range of frequency perception limited by? |
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Definition
Basilar membrane
apex responds to low sounds about 20 Hz
base responds to high sounds about 20,000Hz |
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Term
| soo frequency dynamic range of perception is.. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
bc the cochlea is tonotopically organized, it is coded by the cochlear nucleus.
*tonotopic organization in inferior colliculus |
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Term
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Definition
| different parts of the auditory structures respond to sounds at different frequencies..but not all frequencies are equally represented |
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Term
| Frequency sensitivity in tonotopic organization is more _____________ than ___________ ? |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 scales of pitch perception? |
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Definition
| 1. koenig scale 2. Mel scale 3.Semitone Scale |
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Term
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Definition
*rarely used
semi-log scale.
-frequencies below 1000 Hz plotted lineraly
-frequencies above 1000Hz plotted logarhythmically |
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Term
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Definition
| -frequency estimation w/ 1000 Hz standard |
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Term
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Definition
frequency resopnse explained in terms of musical notes
1 octave=doubling frequency=12 musical notes
-each increasing note represents one semitone |
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Term
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Definition
C, C#, D, D#, E, F, F#, G, G#, A, A#, B, C
so C-C#=1 semitone
C-A#=10 semitones |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the perception of one sound is affected by the perception of another |
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Term
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Definition
| where the frequency components interact with one another |
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Term
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Definition
| where the temporal componants interact with one another |
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Term
| first step in process of perception involves what? |
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Definition
| separating an utterance into individual words |
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Term
| breaking an acoustic stream into individual words is what? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: speech segmentation (boundaries) does not differ for each languages? |
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Definition
| FALSE...that is why it must be learned |
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Term
| What NEw MEthod is used as a cue for speech segmentation? |
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Definition
Head-turn preference Procedure
(familiarization and testing) |
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Term
| 1. Prosodic Structure Que |
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Definition
listeners can do and use info about stress patterns to figure out word boudaries.
English=trochaic stress patterns
French=iambic
Polish=penultimate syllable |
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Term
| Trochaic is stressed on which syllable |
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Definition
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Term
| Iambic (french) is stress on which syllable? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the youngest age at which babies of English speaking homes preferred to listen to trochaic words? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
rules/probabilities governing how phenomes can be combined
ex: english seprates d and b |
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Term
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Definition
languages differ in how they allow phonemes to be ordered in words of the language
ex: we dont allow ŋ or ʒ to start a word but chinese does |
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Term
| Sequential Phonotactics--at what age do babies of dutch and america (both have same phonemes) preferred to listen to lists of words from their own native language |
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Definition
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Term
| Probabilistic Phonotactics |
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Definition
| infants preference for more frequently used sounds vs. less frequently used sounds and combinations starts at about 9 months. (liked listening to word lists with higher frequency phonotactic patterns) |
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Term
| Allophonic variation...how old when infants know how different phonemes should sound in different words? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| using knowledge at one level of language to help figure out another level of language |
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Term
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Definition
| -using knowledge of word meanings to figure out grammer |
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Term
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Definition
| using grammatical knowledge to to figure out word meanings |
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Term
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Definition
keeping tracks of units that consistantly appear together
-8 month olds hear continuous stream w/ no word boundaries |
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Term
| T/F: Infants prefer to listen to whole words rather than part words? |
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Definition
| TRUE->attending to units that consistently appear together |
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