Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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| Farthest from midline/ closest to midline |
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| ipsilateral/contralateral |
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Definition
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Definition
| inner structure/ outer structure |
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Definition
| deep: Brachialis/ superficial: biceps brachi |
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Term
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Definition
abnormal or excessive rotation forward of a structure, such as femoral anteversion
EX: Knees pointing inward |
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Definition
abnormal or excessive rotation backward of a structure, such as femoral retroversion
EX: knees pointing outward |
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Term
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Definition
increased curving of spine outward or backward in the sagittal plane
EX: hunch back of notre dame |
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Definition
increased curving of spine inward or forward in the sagittal plane
EX: Bendy back gymnast back |
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Definition
| lateral curving of the spine |
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Term
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Definition
outward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint, as in knock-knees
EX: inward turned knees |
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Definition
inward angulation of the distal segment of a bone or joint as in bowlegs
EX: outward turned knees |
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Definition
area through which a joint may normally move
measured with a goniometer in degrees 0 to 360 |
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Definition
| bending movment that results in a DECREASE of an angle in joint by bringing bones together, usually in sagittal plane |
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Definition
| straightening movement that results in an INCREASE of an angle in joint by moving bones apart, usually in sagittal plane. |
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Definition
| lateral movement away from midline of trunk in lateral plane |
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Definition
| movement medially toward midline of trunk in lateral plane |
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Definition
| movement by a limb through a diagonal plane away from midline of body |
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Definition
| movement by a limb through a diagonal plane toward and across midline of body. |
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Definition
| rotary movement around longitudinal axis of a bone awy from midline of body |
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Definition
| rotary movement around longitudinal axis of a bone toward midline of a body |
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Term
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Definition
circular movement of a limb that delineates an arc or describes a cone
combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction
when shoulder joint and hip joint move in a circular fashion around a fixed point |
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Term
dorsal flexion
(ankle (talocrural) and foot) |
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Definition
flexion movement of ankle results in top of foot moving toward anterior tibia
EX: pulling toes upwards |
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Term
plantar flexion
(ankle (talocrural) and foot) |
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Definition
extension movement of ankle that results in foot moving away from body
EX: puling toes downwards |
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Term
Eversion
(ankle and foot *subtalar) |
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Definition
turning sole of foot outward or laterally
standing with weight on inner edge of foot |
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Term
inversion
(ankle and foot *subtalar) |
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Definition
turning sole of foot inward or medially
standing with weight on outer edge of foot |
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Term
Pronation
(ankle & foot *combined joints) |
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Definition
a combination of ankle dorsiflexion, subtalar eversion, and forefoot abduction(toe-out)
EX: up and out |
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Term
Supination
(ankle & foot *combined joints) |
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Definition
a combination of ankle plantar flexion subtalar inversion, and forefoot adduction (toe-in)
EX: down and in |
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Term
Radioulnar joint
pronation: |
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Definition
| internally rotating radius where it lies diagonally across ulna, resulting in palm-down position of forearm |
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Term
radioulnar joint
supination: |
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Definition
| externally rotating radius where it lies parallel to ulna, resulting in palm-up position of forearm. |
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Term
Shoulder (Scapulothoracic) Girdle
depression: |
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Definition
inferior movement of shoulder girdle
returning to normal position from a shoulder shrug |
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Term
Shoulder (Scapulothoracic) Girdle
elevation: |
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Definition
superior movement of shoulder girdle
shrugging shoulders |
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Term
Shoulder (Scapulothoracic) Girdle
Protraction: |
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Definition
forward movement of shoulder girdle away from spine
abduction of the scapula |
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Term
Shoulder (Scapulothoracic) Girdle
retraction: |
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Definition
Backward movement of shoulder girdle toward spine
adduction of the scapula |
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Term
Shoulder (Scapulothoracic) Girdle
Rotation Downward: |
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Definition
| Rotary movement of scapula with inferior angle of scapula moving medially and downward |
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Term
Shoulder (Scapulothoracic) Girdle
Rotation Upward: |
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Definition
| Rotary movement of scapula with inferior angle of scapula moving laterally and upward |
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Term
Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint
horizonal abduction: |
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Definition
movement of humerus in horizontal plane away from midline of body
also known as horizontal extension or transverse abduction |
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Term
Spine
Lateral flexion (side bending) |
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Definition
movement of head and/ or trunk laterally away from midline
abduction spine |
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Term
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Definition
return of spinal column to anatomic position from lateral flexion
adduction of spine |
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Term
wrist and hand
palmar flexion(wrist flexion): |
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Definition
flexion movment of wrist with volar or anterior side of hand moving toward anterior side of forearm
EX: bouncing a basketball |
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Term
wrist and hand
dorsal flexion(wrist extension): |
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Definition
extension movement of wrist in the sagittal plane with dorsal or posterior side of hand moving toward posterior side of forearm
EX: stop signal with hand. |
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Term
wrist and hand
radial flexion (radial deviation): |
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Definition
abduction movement at wrist of thumb side of hand toward forearm
EX: thumb turns closer to radius |
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Term
wrist and hand
ulnar flexion: |
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Definition
adduction movement at wrist of little finger side of hand toward forearm
EX: thumb turns towards ulna |
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Term
wrist and hand
opposition of the thumb: |
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Definition
digital movement of thumb across palmar surface of hand to make contact with hand or fingers
EX: katniss everdeen hand signal |
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Term
wrist and hand
reposition of thumb: |
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Definition
diagonal movement of the thumb as it returns to the anatomical position from opposition with the hand and or fingers
EX: position thumb back to normal position |
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Term
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Definition
sagittal plane: anteroposterior, frontal axis
frontal (coronal) plane: medial/lateral, sagittal axis
transverse plane: horizontal, vertical axis |
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Term
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Definition
sagittal: anteroposterior
frontal: mediolateral
vertical: longitudinal |
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Term
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Definition
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation
occur by bones moving through planes of motion about an axis of rotation at joint |
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Term
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Definition
| resulting motion of bones relative to 3 cardinal planes from these physiological movements |
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Term
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Definition
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, & rotation
occur by bones moving through planes of motion about an axis of rotation at joint |
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Term
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Definition
resulting motion of bones relative to 3 cardinal planes from these physiological movements
occur there must be movement between the joint articular surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| motion between articular surfaces – accessory motion |
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Term
arthrokinematics
3 accessory motions |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. All synovial joints may be classified as either concave or convex. Cartilage alters the surfaces that appear to be flat. More will be on the center to make the convex surface and conversely more lines the perimeters in the concave.
2. Roll always follows the direction of the bone movement.
3. To determine the direction of the glide movement however, we need to know the shapes of the joint surfaces and which surface is stationary and which surface is moving.
a. When the concave surface is stationary and the convex surface is moving, the gliding movement in the joint occurs in the opposite direction to the roll, and consequently opposite to the direction of the bone
b. When the convex surface is stationary and the concave surface is moving, the gliding movement in the joint occurs in the same direction as the roll and the bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| 206=Axial (80) + Appendicular (126) |
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Term
| Five Functions of Skeleton |
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Definition
1: Support/Framework-Maintain posture
2: Protection of organs:Skull:brain, eyes; thoracic cage & shoulder girdle.
3:Movement:lever: muscle &bones, locomotion, movement patterns, ROM limitations.
4: Storage: minerals, fat. Calcium and phosphorus and potassium. Ca: muscle contraction, blood clotting, movement of ions and nutrients across cell membranes. K activities of nucleic acids DNA and RNa and ATP.
5:Hemopoiesis: blood formation-red marrow in vertebral bodies, femur, humerus, ribs and sternum. Newborn: all bone marrow red. Increasing age cell production decreases, bone marrow changes red to yellow. Yellow marrow consists of adipocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
longitudinal axis, expanded ends
EX: humerus, ulna, radius, metacarpal, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals |
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Term
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Definition
expanded ends
articular cartilage
articular surface |
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Term
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Definition
GROWTH PLATE
Hyaline cartilage
calcified at maturity |
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Term
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Definition
Compact bone: wall
medullary cavity: contains yellow marrow |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Covers inside wall
thin membrane of medullary cavity |
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Term
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Definition
cube like bones; nearly equal in length and width. Large articular surface, provide shock absorption
EX: wrists, ankle |
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Term
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Definition
broad surface, provide protection.
EX: rib, skull, scapula |
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Term
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Definition
irregular shapes, connected to several others
EX: Vertebra, facial bones, ishium, maxilla |
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Term
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Definition
round, small. imbedded in tendon as result of development of tendon. act to protect tendon from excessive wear-change angle of tendon prior to insertion.
EX: patella, metatarsophalangeal, |
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Term
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Definition
| low porosity 5-30%; stiffer and can withstand GREATER stress but LESS strain than cancellous. |
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Term
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Definition
| spongier and can undergo GREATER strain before fracturing |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. formation of initial bone collar. formation of periosteum and bone collar.
2. cartilage calcification at the diaphysis. chondrocytes enlarge, cartilage calcifies
3. invasion of blood vessels
4. epiphysis growth: formation of medullary cavity.
5. ossification of epiphyses |
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Term
| What age do plates disappear and close? |
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Definition
| most close at 18 but some may be present until 25 |
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Term
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Definition
growth in diameter continues throughout life. internal layer of perisoteum builds new concentric layers on old layers. simultaneously, bone around sides of medullary cavity is resorbed so diameter continually increased.
osteoblasts; new bone
osteoclasts; resorb old bone |
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Term
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Definition
| bone mineral density reaches peak @ 25-28 women. 30-35 men. Pogressive decline in BMD throughout life. |
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Term
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Definition
condition of reduced bone mineral density
T score -1 to -2.5) |
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Term
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Definition
condition which abnormally large amount of calcium is lost from bones
T score < -2.5 |
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Term
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Definition
altered menstrual function and bone atrophy
amonrrhea or osteoporosis |
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Term
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Definition
| overuse injuries result from chronic repetitive overtraining |
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Term
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Definition
| maladaptive areas of bone HYPERACTIVITY where resorption exceeds deposition |
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Definition
| disruption in continuity of bone |
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Definition
| fine hairline break in bone |
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Definition
| decrease in bone mass resulting form predominance of osteoclast activity; occurs when normal stress removed |
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Term
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Definition
increase bone mass result from predominance of osteoblast activity; occurs in response to mechanical stress
muscle exert tensile stress
gravity provides compressive force |
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Term
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Definition
| bone adapts according to type of stress placed upon. increased loading bone will remodel over time and become stronger; external cortical portion of bones become thicker |
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Term
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Definition
Suture(immovable) found in skull
Gomphosis: socket of tooth |
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Term
| Amphiarthrodial(fibrous, Cartilagenous) |
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Definition
slightly movable.
3 types:
Syndemosis: help by strong ligamentous structures allow minimal mvmt between bones: coracoclavicular joint.
Symphysis:separated by fibrocartilage pad allows slight movement between bones EX: pubis symphysis- intervertebral disks
synchondrosis: separated by hyaline cartilage allows very slight mvmt. costochondral joints ribs and sternum |
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Term
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Definition
Freely movable. has sleevelike covering( joint capsule)@ bony ends which form joints. ALL SYNOVIAL. Secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joint cavity.
EX: arthrodial, condyloidal, enarthrodial, ginglymus, sellar, trochoidal. |
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Term
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Definition
covers articular surface ends of bones inside the joint cavity
-absorb shock
-protects bone
slowly absorbs synovial fluid during joint unloadin or distraction
secretes synovial fluid during subsequent weight bearing and compression maintaining and utilizing joint through normal |
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Term
| six types of diarthrodial joints |
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Definition
gliding: vertebral facets in spinal column, intercarpal. Motions- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, diagonal adduction and abduction (circumduction)
hinge(ginglymus): uniaxial articulation: allows motion on only one plane: elbow, knee, talocrural(ankle)
pivot:(Trochoid) Ex: Radioulnar joint
condyloid:Ellipsoid:oval concave surface w/ another bone w/ an oval conves surface(knuckle joint) Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
ball and socket:Enarthrodial:Hip and shoulder. Motions: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, horizontal add and abd, rotation, and circumduction.
saddle:Sellar:2 reciprocally concave and convex surfaces EX: first caropmetacarpal joint @ thumb MOtions: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction and slight rotation. |
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