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| an evolutionary, comparative and cross-cultural discipline. a science with hope that looks beyond the reality of what you can touch, feel, and measure. |
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change over time
- evolution vs creation= you can believe whatever you want
-it is a timetable for the process of change (for biological and cultural changes) |
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values, morals, atmosphere, customs & traditions, language, food, art, music, dance
- shared values and norms of behavior (morals)
-transmitted from generation to generation |
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| shared assumption of reality. you get answers from the questions you ask |
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consider everything in relation to the environment it comes out of
-social, political, traditional, historical aspects
-no judgments, be able to take a step back/ try to not be objective |
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opposite of cultural relativism
-we are the best, we compare everything to our own ideas. this is a negative thing (we dont want to be like this) |
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| anthropology is a ___________. |
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holistic meaning: it takes into consideration how all of the pieces fit together
- geography, psych, biology, sociology, geography, etc all come together into one description= anthropology |
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| how do we get the information that we have? |
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Definition
-gathered through participant observation (you go to a place to learn about it, being a part of society but still observing, being two steps back from everything)
-more textured teaching through experience
- the research begins qualitatively |
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| 5 sub-disciplines of anthropology |
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Definition
-biological (physical) anthropology: deals with humans as a biological creature
-archeology: deals with the most recent past
-anthropological linguistics: the language part of anthro
-cultural anthropology: the one im taking!
-sociocultural: people right now |
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| involves other 4 anthropologies and using what you know in service of other humans. however, asking first what they need and using what you know to do just that |
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what peoples bones tell us
-measured skulls, brows, eyefolds
-differences are way smaller than similarities
-interested in putting together the evolutionary sequence
-what makes humans different from one another/other species
-disease, internal genetics, why certain people are affected by certain diseases |
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| larger brains but no mental capacity: cavemen! loving and caring society |
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| volcano eruption in Africa, 2 people (an adult and child) walked over ashes and left footprints of two feet |
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about 35 thousand years, the near distant past
-archeologists answer questions about how people lived using objects from the past |
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| how do you go about excavating a huge area? |
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how you dig is a product of what you're trying to find out, use very small tools like paintbrushes
- slow, meticulous process (need to document every single thing) |
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| anthropological linguistics |
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how does spoken/written language come to be?
what does it take to learn/use language?
process of acquisition of language
language in gender/location |
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-answer similar questions but dealing with contemporary people
-during research, you become part of the culture and live with the people
-act like a pest: always asking questions and hanging around |
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| ideas, inspirations are processed through your mind then a specific set of activity |
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lenses that you use to make sense of the world, the organizing criteria of explanation. how you prioritize, cause & effect
-depend on the world and your perspective
-the ways in which we make sense of culture |
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last theory of anthro
-we have gone back to cultural ecology, moving back into systems theory |
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| how do you do field work? |
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Definition
- begins with an idea or interest/ inspiration
- preliminary investigation
- documentation of observations through field journals, notes and reports
- go to the archives
- informal and formal interviews
- oral history/life history |
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| preliminary investigation |
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Definition
"pilot study"
where you go to check out the situation
gives you enough info to formulate a research proposal
-what is the specific problem youre addressing? (research ques, hypothesis)
-answer the question, methodology of research (participant observation |
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| documentation of observations |
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Definition
-use of computer
-photography
-journal: daily reflection/feelings
-notes: daily events
-reports: a lot more formal, allow you to reflect on what is going on |
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literature review
-primary sources: you are the first one to use info for something specific (birth and death records, court reports)
-secondary sources: books, online journals, journal articles, newspapapers |
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| informal and formal interviews |
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Definition
most important thing in cultural anthro
- from the informal ones you can create a questionnaire, do the best you can in a given situation |
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| are interviews good or bad? |
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good because direct quotes, tone, anthropologists are lazy/ can hide tape recorders
-bad because makes them uncomfortable, less open |
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| oral histories/life histories |
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Definition
| need ten questions that will guide a person. important to document & write things down |
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-what are the goals?
-what do you want to do with this information?
-never say you are "studying" humans. rather you are learning from somebody
-need to give your endorsers a budget saying exactly what you are spending |
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| do you pay people for information? |
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Definition
what is the value of the information you get?
don't want it to seem like you are buying information
use of bribes, professional courtesy, permits and gratuity |
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| homesickness, boredom, withdrawal, irritability, marital stress, need for sleep, compulsive eating, compulsive drinking, exaggerated cleanliness, family tension |
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| why do field work with a partner? |
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Definition
share your thoughts, intellectual stimulation
train of thoughts
you feel safer
balanced picture of what is going on
different set of skills
support
different gender roles |
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| data analysis (ethnology): what do you do with it? |
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Definition
-academic journals or books
-popular journals or books
-spin offs such as short stories, novels, poetry, graphics/cartoons, news/newspapers |
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the role of the anthropologist
what you call the people you're interviewing
informed consent vs uninformed consent |
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| IRB (institutional review board) |
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Definition
protect subjects of research, need to inform them of risks
- a lot of issue with this
- people dont want to sign forms
- need their approval if money is involved |
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| Where do the NA peoples of North America come from? |
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Definition
-cross the bering straits land bridge (alaska and russia)
-either split and went east of rockies or west side of rockies
-settlements in chile
-2nd theory=got to North America by boat along the coast
-possibility of migration from Polynesia: island to island, they were boaters |
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| Native Americans believe where you are now is where you have always been. |
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| What do the Navajo believe about how they emerged? |
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-first world: insect beings, get kicked out and some escape to the 2nd world
-second world: everyone is more or less the same, no genders, again some escape
-third world: men and women, eventually realize they need each other, escape to 4th world
-fourth world: glittering world - where we are today |
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| What do the Navajo believe about how they emerged? |
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Definition
-first world: insect beings, get kicked out and some escape to the 2nd world
-second world: everyone is more or less the same, no genders, again some escape
-third world: men and women, eventually realize they need each other, escape to 4th world
-fourth world: glittering world - where we are today |
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| beliefs about the end of the world |
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Definition
2012: mayan, end of the long count
2013: hopi, "great shaking"
this cycle is coming to an endl we have the ability to go through the hole, start over, and make things right. |
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| athabascan: only other groups that speak this are the Apache of the southwest and the Cree of canada |
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| means "the people". in the 1300s, the navajos arrived in the Dinetah (the people's land). they are initially hunters and gatherers/ foragers) |
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| are navajos related to the pueblos or ancestral pueblos? |
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| NO. not genetically or linguistically connected to the Hopi, Zuni, etc. |
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| Holy Trinity of the Southwest Farming |
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brought horses, sheep, goats, cattle
navajos began to acquire things through trading |
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| kicked Spanish out, Pueblos hide amongst the Navajo and they begin to intermarry |
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| Navajos became pastoralists |
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consummate herders of sheep & goats, an adaptive strategy
- transhumance: they move animals from place to place according to the seasons |
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| shaped like a teepee but covered with adobe and soil. it is more structured. |
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| mostly because of manifest destiny: removals to refugee camps and later to reserved land held in trusts (in exchange for their land, they were given certain assurances that theyd survive - healthcare, education, homes |
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| we have the god-given right and obligation to control from coast to coast |
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| diseases Navajos encountered |
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| acted fast, spread easily, population of animals was reduced |
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| Navajos are sent to a place in southern New Mexico (Bosque Redoundo) the problem was that they couldnt grow anything |
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what navajos call white people
it means steam eaters (coffee)
we put our native americans into refugee camps
realized that navajos were all dying so allowed them to go back to Canyon de Chelly |
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they fought for THEIR land
they werent even voting members of the population
nobody understood the navajo language so they became codetalkers-transferred information that the japanese could not translate |
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every navajo has a series of clans
you are born to your mothers clan
BUT born for your father's clan
arranged marriages! |
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| matrilineal: women remains as the power source in society |
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| what does navajo life revolve around? |
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the land.
-it is sacred
-given to them by the Holy People
-all rules,regulations and guidelines about how they should live are heard from stories about the land |
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Congress turned Canyon de Chelly into a national monument
-federal govt manages it
-they put use rights along the canyon
- people are always visiting, taking pictures, quite a nuisance |
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Navajos were sent away, hair was cut off and they were lined up/ given a religion
-Christianity was popular and still is. they LOVE easter |
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native americans grabbed hold of the attitude and made their own movement (ex. wounded knee)
-some people are still in jail today |
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who you are most related to
-the mother's side for navajos
-bilineal descent for americans |
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| matralocal residence: you get married and for the navajo, the husbands move to the wife's place and land |
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who's related to who tells you the order of society
definition= totality of relationships based on blood and marriage that link individuals and groups in a web of rights and obligation |
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| anyone on the same line of your parents are also your mother and father! |
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| what is their economic system like? |
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-guided by reciprocity
-i give something to you and you give something back |
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-about love but more alliance & exchange
-his family comes to her family and brings gifts
-man pays for the privilege of marrying a woman
-usually there is also some type of labor involved
-discussion is mother to mother |
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native american church
-navajos also practice the peyote religion (comes hand in hand with colonism, pan-indian)
-religion is the most important movement for sobriety on the reservation |
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-process of maintaining harmony and balance or in navajo terms ... beauty (Hozho: to walk in beauty, everything is in total harmony with you and the world)
-relationship with the creator |
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maintaining equilibrium in a wholeistic fashion
-sometimes need help from the sha man= a healer, they are specialists |
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| means power because getting ready to reproduce. age of 52 is when you stop being mother to your children and start to be mother to the world |
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ceremony of harmony and balance
-bride and husband become one
-sha man makes a sand painting on the floor of the hogan
-the more people the better, support the union |
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| is weaving still used today? |
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| future development for canyon de chelly |
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-navajo nation is corrupt, they like that the govt controls everything
-whatever happens, it must be done traditionally. they need to work together
-community meeting/ consultation = best plan |
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| how do navajos view kinship and how does it differ from mainstream definitions of family? |
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matriarchial society, matrilineal, matrilocal.
-normal american society is bilineal
-multiple mothers and fathers
-respect for elders
-multigenerations under one roof
-kinship is the building block: tells who has responsibilities to whom |
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| what is the relationship between religion and daily life, and religion and healing? |
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harmony and balance with nature
-creation story: 4 worlds
-blend of modern medicine and religious traditions
-magnified by the support you have, steam baths
- you get thrown offbalance if you spend too much time in the white world or if you go to war |
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| How and why did this research of the navajo take place? |
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she became a park ranger and established a relationship with them. she developed their trust and understanding
-margarita was an intermediary between the white world and the navajo world. she facilitated everything
-acceptance of the whites
-Dr. Simonelli brought books back (give and take relationship) |
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| What is different about the way the Navajo view their relationship to the world around them? |
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creation story
-4 sacred mountains: they are a part of nature
-everything is connected (holistic thinking)
-we are all relatives, slew of environmental ethics, seasonal movement |
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| How do the Navajo explain their place in the universe and the Southwest? |
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-4 worlds
-humans came from simpler organisms
-evolution
0humans are part of shared/communal land
-everything is alive: some are just on slower or faster life cycles |
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| How do the Navajo live day to day? How has this changed? |
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Definition
horticulturalists, pastoralists - supported by wage labor
-weaving
-farming (corn), self-sufficient
-younger generations leaving the reservation
- try to maintain the navajo way and fill the gaps in with western things
-technology is more prominent: cell phones, pick up trucks, computers. |
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4 day long ceremony when a girl enters womanhood
-everyone comes together
-very important!
-man's job is to sing her into beauty |
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| navajo medicine man (it means "singer") |
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