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hunter gatherer
Kalahari desert, South Africa |
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pastoralists
related to San, lived in Kalahari, South Africa.
Active warfare between the groups flared when the Dutch East India Company enclosed traditional grazing land for farms. Over the following century the Khoi were steadily driven off their land, which effectively ended traditional Khoikhoi life. |
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Nguni - Zulu, Swazi, Xhosa
Sotho - other groups
The South African apartheid governments originally gave the name "bantustans" to the eleven rural reserve areas intended for a spurious, ersatz independence to deny Africans South African citizenship. "Bantustan" originally reflected an analogy to the various ethnic "-stans" of Western and Central Asia. Again association with apartheid discredited the term, and the South African government shifted to the politically appealing but historically deceptive term "ethnic homelands". Meanwhile the anti-apartheid movement persisted in calling the areas bantustans, to drive home their political illegitimacy. |
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East India Company 1652 arrived at Cape Colony (Cape of Good Hope):
called this because they operated along the east Indian ocean trading system
15,000 Dutch by end of 15 century, by beginning of 1800 Dutch began to push inland |
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Dutch colonial administrator and founder of Cape Town.
1652-1662 |
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- Dutch sometimes called Boers, farmers in Dutch
- British came 1833- drove Dutch out because they had new language, disagreed with slavery, intrusion of British capitalism
- This led to Dutch quest for new territory, migration out of Cape … Great Trek (1830s - 1840s)
- In the 1830s and 1840s an estimated 12,000 Voortrekkers migrated to the future Northern Cape, Natal and Orange Free State provinces. A variety of factors motivated them, including the desire to escape British rule. The Trek split the white Afrikaans-speaking settlers into two groups: the Trekboers (later called 'Voortrekkers') and the 'Cape Dutch', as they were called by British settlers. |
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Afrikaners are descended from northwestern European settlers who first arrived in the Cape of Good Hope during the period of administration (1652 – 1795) by the Dutch East India Company
Split into Boers and Cape Dutch |
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- Language of white South Africans
- Soweto rebellion in 1976 led to death of several students was a demonstration against introduction of Afrikaans as the language of instruction in schools, seen as the language of oppression. |
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This led to Dutch quest for new territory, migration out of Cape … Great Trek (1830s - 1840s)
eastward and north-eastward migration during the 1830s and 1840s of the segment of Afrikaners (known as Boers or Boere (Dutch/Afrikaans for "farmers")
primary motivations included discontent with the recently imposed British rule, its Anglicisation policies, restrictive laws on slavery and its eventual abolition, arrangements to compensate former slave owners, and the perceived indifference of British authorities to border conflicts along the Cape Colony's eastern frontier. |
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- Battle of Ulundi 1879 - battle between Zulu and British
during Great Trek
- When Cetshwayo became king of the Zulus on 1 September 1873, he created, as was customary, a new capital for the nation and named it uluNdi (the high place). On 4 July 1879 the British army captured the royal kraal and razed it to the ground, in the Battle of Ulundi - the final battle of the Anglo-Zulu War. |
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- It describes a period of widespread chaos and disturbance in southern Africa during the period between 1815 and about 1840.
The Mfecane resulted from the rise to power of Shaka, the Zulu king and military leader who conquered the Nguni peoples between the Tugela River and Pongola River in the beginning of the nineteenth century, and created a militaristic kingdom in the region.
- The Mfecane also led to the formation and consolidation of other groups — such as the Matabele, the Mfengu and the Makololo — and the creation of states such as the modern Lesotho. |
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- Blacks were stripped of their citizenship, legally becoming citizens of one of ten, theoretically sovereign, bantustans (homelands). The government created the homelands out of the territory of Black Reserves founded during the British Empire period.
- The homeland system disenfranchised black people residing in "white South Africa"[1] by restricting their voting rights to the black homelands, the least economically-productive areas of the country. |
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- governing party of South Africa from June 4, 1948 until May 9, 1994, and was disbanded in 2005. Its policies included apartheid, the establishment of a republic, and the promotion of Afrikaner culture.
- National Party - political party of Europeans
Gained 1st electoral victory in 1948 |
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| prevented blacks from taking skilled jobs |
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- a system of legalised racial segregation enforced by the National Party (NP) South African government between 1948 and 1994.
- Its roots were in South Africa’s earlier policies of separation.
- It was dismantled in a series of negotiations from 1990 to 1993, culminating in elections in 1994, the first in South Africa with universal suffrage. |
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- Prime Minister of South Africa from 1958 until his assassination in 1966
- the primary architect of apartheid |
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| limit where you can go, must make your whreabouts known … passport, id card: Restricted blacks |
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Many blacks forced to work on mines after being removed from their agricultural land (to feed themselves)
and hut tax |
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Homeland Policy … separate territory established for blacks
Based on the myth that black Africans did not belong to south Africa, but to Bantusans (separate, black homeland) |
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| black Africans did not belong to south Africa, but to Bantusans (separate, black homeland) |
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| African National Congress |
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- political party established by africans
- 1952 Defiance against unjust laws - apartheid laws publicly challenged, broken
Gvt. reacted by banning ANC and public demonstration … ANC forced underground, engaged in sabatoge |
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| - South African leader and activist and president-general of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1940 to 1949 |
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- He was president of the African National Congress, at the time an umbrella organisation that led opposition to the white minority government in South Africa
- through the 1950s until his house arrest in 1958 effectively ended his direct role as head of the ANC.
- He was awarded the 1960 Nobel Peace Prize for his role in the ANC and its fight against apartheid |
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- translated "Spear of the Nation", was the active military wing of the African National Congress in cooperation with the South African Communist Party in their fight against the South African apartheid regime.
- launched its first guerrilla attacks against government installations on 16 December 1961.
- It was subsequently classified as a terrorist organisation by the South African government and media, and banned. |
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| in 1976 led to death of several students was a demonstration against introduction of Afrikaans as the language of instruction in schools, seen as the language of oppression. |
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- anti-apartheid activist in South Africa in the 1960s and early 1970s.
- A student leader, he later founded the Black Consciousness Movement which would empower and mobilize much of the urban black population
- "black is beautiful", which he described as meaning: "man, you are okay as you are, begin to look upon yourself as a human being". |
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| - south African students organization (college) |
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South African president 1989
Botha was a long-time leader of South Africa's National Party and a staunch advocate of racial segregation and the apartheid system. While in power he made some small concessions towards human rights, but he always refused to apologise for apartheid. |
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- name given to the South African parliament and its structure from 1984 to 1994.
- "power sharing" between the White, Coloured and Indian communities.
- Botha proposed it |
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| The non-racial coalition of about 400 civic, church, students', workers' and other organisations (national, regional and local) was formed in 1983, initially to fight the just-introduced Tricameral Parliament. Its slogan, "UDF Unites, Apartheid Divides" |
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| current President of the Republic of South Africa |
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| The elite of the country controls almost all (if not all) the relevant aspects of the political and economical life of the country. The most evident result of this domination was the Apartheid. |
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| Queen Mother of Dahomey, Amazon |
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| Market Queen Mother of Yoruba, Nigeria |
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| Women warriors: Amazon in Dahomey |
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| Colonial policy in Kenya in the 1950s which introduced private land ownership for the male heads of households |
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| - requires U.S. bilateral assistance programs to enhance the integration of women into the national economies of developing countries, and it instructs the State Department to consider progress on women’s issues when making decisions about funding international organizations |
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- United States Agency for International Development
- in 1993: has only recently begun to consider the role of women in its third-world development strategies, despite the fact that 20 years have passed since Congress directed that AID assistance programs focus on integrating women |
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- figure (1989): women are 46% of the agric labor force, produce 70% of staple food
- part of the World Bank Group (WBG), is a bank that makes loans to developing countries for development programs with the stated goal of reducing poverty |
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| Non governmental organization |
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| National Committee on the Status of Women |
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| General Union Cooperatives |
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| The movement, made up almost entirely of unemployed women with low levels of schooling and no technical training, initially sought to provide its members with support to acquire food items at wholesale prices and an additional income to the household through the sales of their agricultural products |
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| Regulation of childcare in precolonial Africa - "High cost of bridewealth didn't affect it" ... huh |
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- breast feeding
- end to polygyny end to post-partum abstinence
- go pregenant grandmas |
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- brought labor into colonial minnes and fields
- taxation introduced by British colonialists in Africa which introduced a tax, payable in money or labor, enforced on a per household basis. It has been noted to have been used in Uganda,[1] Zambia,[2], South Africa and Sierra Leone,[3] and lead to a rebellion, the Hut Tax War of 1898, in the latter country |
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lots of kids as a result of need to repopulate after slavery
value in labor and inncome
rising infant mortality due to food shortages from men leaving to do colonial mining, farmiong, etc. |
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after the population boom people flocked to cities, underpaid farmers found poverty as the struggling economies of post-colonial Africa could not support the infrastructure for so many people.
40% or more of urban africas work force is employed in the informal sector.
slums. |
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| utilitarian/ceremonial objects |
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| De Beers Consolidated Mines |
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| Belgian Consortium Union Miniere |
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